1 IOI.DFVHP3 @Pg Final Report The IOI'92    The IOI'92 Final Report  Final Report International Olympiad in Informatics 1992 Bonn / Germany Authors: Peter Heyderhoff (Editor), Hans-Werner Hein, Fritz Krckeberg, Gnther Miklitz, Peter Widmayer The Place of the IOI'92 : Schlo Birlinghoven The German National Research Centre for Informatics and Information Technology (GMD) The Convention Hotel of the IOI'92 Gustav Stresemann Institut, Bonn Final Report The IOI'92    The IOI'92 Final Report  Table of Contents .Anfang Verzeichnis V. 1. The IOI'92 7 1.1 History and Aims Hey 7 1.2 Governmental Support Hey 8 1.3 Sponsors Hey 9 1.4 International Organisations Hey 10 1.5 National Organisations Kr 10 The Supporters 10 The National Competition 11 The National Committee 12 1.6 The Scientific Structure Hey 12 The International Jury 12 The Scientific Committee 13 The Coordinating Committee 13 1.7 The Organisational Structure Hey 14 Convention office 16 1.8 Main Organisational Tasks Mik 16 Financial Management 17 Personnel Management 17 Hosting of Teams and Guests 17 Information Brochures 18 Graphic Design 19 Rooms and Equipment 19 1.9 Preparational Events 20 Meetings of the National Committee Kr 20 Meeting of the International Committee Hey 20 Meetings of the Scientific Committee Hein 22 Youth Meeting with the President Hey 23 1.10 Carrying out the IOI 24 The Invitation Hey 24 The Arrival Day Hey 24 Opening Ceremony Hey 25 Opening Speeches 25 Meetings of the International Jury Wid 30 Meetings of the Coordinating Committee Hein 31 The Competition Days Hey 31 Cultural Activities Mik 32 Prize Giving Ceremony Hey 33 Closing Speeches 34 Press Conference Kr 37 1.11 Views and Echos Kr 38 View to Argentina (IOI'93) 38 Echos from the world 38  2. International Committee Hey 42 2.1 Its History and Composition 42 2.2 Meeting and Decisions 42 3. Regulations Hey 46 3.1 Main Regulations 46 3.2 Arbitration and Evaluation Rules 48 3.3 Regulations for the Organisation 49 3.4 The Online Documentation System 49 3.5 Evaluation Schedule 52 4. Problems and Solutions Hein 54 4.0 The Submitted Problems 54 4.1 The Proposed Problems 54 4.2 The First Selected Problem 60 4.3 The Second Selected Problem 66 5. Final Results and Statistics Hey 73 5.1 Participation 73 5.2 Training Reports 74 5.3 Medals and Nations 75 5.4 The Twelve Most Successful Teams 75 5.5 The Winners 76 6. Program of the IOI'92 Hey 78 7. Participants Hey 81 7.1 Participating Countries 81 7.2 Represented Institutions 81 7.3 Participating People 81 Students 81 Students Adresses 83 Adresses of Teamleaders 86 Accompanying Persons 90 8. Members of Committees Hey 91 8.1 International Jury 91 8.2 International Committee 91 8.3 National Committee 91 8.4 Scientific Committee 91 8.5 Coordinating Committee 92 8.6 Organizing Committee 92 8.7 Technical Committee 92 8.8 Reception Committee 92 .Ende Verzeichnis V. Code of Authors: Peter Heyderhoff Hey Hans-Werner Hein Hein Fritz Krckeberg Kr Gnther Miklitz Mik Peter Widmayer Wid The IOI Nations of the World  Copyright 1991 PC Globe, Inc. Tempe, AZ, USA. Final Report 1. The IOI'92    The IOI'92 Final Report 1.  1. The IOI'92 1.1 History and Aims History The idea of initiating international olympiads in informatics for school students was proposed to the 24th general conference of UNESCO by the Bulgarian delegate Prof. Sendov in October 1987. This plan was included into the fifth main program of UNESCO for the biennium 1988-1989. In May 1989, UNESCO initiated and sponsored the first International Olympiad in Informatics which was held in Pravetz, Bulgaria. Although it was the first Olympiad in Informatics, 13 countries participated. This number is considered to be very high compared with the number of countries which participated in the first Olympiads in Mathematics, Physics and other sciences. During the first IOI in Bulgaria, the German delegate Dr. Peter Heyderhoff had submitted the candidacy of Germany for organizing the fourth IOI in 1992. The conference of the Ministers of Education and Cultural Affairs of the States of the Federal Republic of Germany decided that the next olympiad in sciences after the International Mathematics Olympiad 1989, which was organized by the state of Lower Saxony, should be organized in a similar manner by the State of North Rhine-Westphalia. The Informatics Olympiad is held annually. The following list shows how participation developed over the years and which countries will host the next olympiads. We remember the excellent hosting by Bulgaria, Belorussia and Greece. 1. 1989, 16 - 19 May, Pravetz, Bulgaria, President: P. Kenderow. 13 Countries: Bulgaria, China, Cuba, Czechoslovakia, Germany, Germany FR, Germany DR, Greece, Hungary, Poland, Soviet Union, Viet Nam, Yugoslavia, Zimbabwe. 2. 1990, 15 - 21 July, Minsk, Belorussia, President: N. Krasovsky. 25 Countries: Argentina, Bulgaria, Belorussia, China, Cuba, Czechoslovakia, Germany FR, Germany DR, Greece, Hungary, Italy, Korea, Kuwait, Mongolia, Morocco, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Romania, Soviet Union, Sweden, Thailand, United Kingdom, Viet Nam, Yugoslavia. 3. 1991, 19 - 25 May, Athens, Greece, President: G. Philokyprou. 26 Countries: Argentina, Bulgaria, Belorussia, China, Cuba, Cyprus, Czechoslovakia, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Italy, Korea, Kuwait, Mongolia, Morocco, Netherlands, Nigeria, Norway, Poland, Romania, Soviet Union, Sweden, Thailand, United Kingdom, Viet Nam, Yugoslavia. 4. 1992, 12 - 21 July, Bonn, Germany, President: P. Widmayer. 51 Countries: Algeria, Argentina, Australia, Austria, Belgium, Belorussia, Bulgaria, Switzerland, China, Colombia, Cuba, Cyprus, Czechoslovakia, Germany, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Gabon, Greece, Hungary, Hong Kong, Italy, Iran, Korea, Kuwait, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Macao, Malta, Mexico, Mongolia, Netherlands, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Russia, South Africa, Singapore, Spain, Sri Lanka, Sweden, Thailand, Trinidad Tobago, Tunisia, Turkey, United Kingdom, Ukraine, United States, Viet Nam, Zimbabwe. 5. 1993, 16 - 25 October Mendoza, Argentina. 6. 1994 will be held in Sweden. 7. 1995 will be held in The Netherlands. 8. 1986 will be held in Hungary. Aims The olympiad aims at motivating young people to -get more deeply interested and involved in informatics, -test and prove their competence in solving problems with the help of computers, -exchange knowledge and experience with students having the same fields of interest and similar qualifications at an international level, -establish personal contacts with young people from other nations. 1.2 Governmental Support List of Institutions IOI'92 was supported by the Federal Republic of Germany represented by the Federal Minister of Education and Science in cooperation with the Standing Conference of the Ministers of Education and Cultural Affairs of the Lnder in the Federal Republic of Germany and in consultation with the Federal Foreign Office. In order to understand this structure one should consider that according to the federal structure of Germany the main responsibility for all matters of culture and education is not with the federal government but with the 16 autonomous states (Lnder). On the other hand all contacts with foreign countries are the responsibility of the foreign office of the federal government. So the official inivitation was presented by the Federal Foreign Office. The main financial support was given by the Federal Minister of Education and Science. The IOI'92 was held in Bonn and organized by the state of North-Rhine-Westphalia. All planning, preparational and organizing activities were done by the National Committee and the organizing office of the German National Competition in Informatics called "Bundeswettbewerb Informatik". Welcoming Letters The Minister of Education and Science of the Federal Republic of Germany "It is a great pleasure for me to know that the Fourth International Olympiad in Informatics 1992 is taking place in Germany. This Olympiad in Informatics is a competition which contributes to finding highly gifted students and developing their talents. In the short period of its existence it has developed into a world-wide contest. With representatives of 51 states and with 47 delegations, the highest level of participation ever has been achieved this year. After hosting the International Olympiad in Physics 1982, in Chemistry 1984 and in Mathematics 1989 it is a great honour for the Federal Republic of Germany to host also the International Olympiad in Informatics. When young informatics students from many countries compare their skills and when they compete peacefully in a contest with such stringent requirements, the ambitious name Olympiad is justified. For this competition I wish you every success and excellent achievements which will make your preparations worthwhile. I hope that you will gain many beautiful and interesting impressions during your stay in Germany and that you will be able to make numerous friendships world-wide." Prof. Rainer Ortleb The President of the Standing Conference of the Ministers of Education and Cultural Affairs of the Lnder in the Federal Republic of Germany "In the last decade the new information and communication technologies have initiated profound changes in science, culture and society. They are gradually permeating modern life in all its aspects and they have a lasting impact on the world of work. The innovative process generated by them has been for all industrialized nations both a challenge and chance in politics for all industrialized nations. Electronic microprocessors are taking on the burden of mechanic routine work and of dangerous and exhausting activities; they accelerate information processing, increase productivity, and they have become an indespensable tool in solving problems and in organizing learning. But an increase in the processing of personal data entails also the risk of misuse, and it may cause inadmissable interferences with the personal rights of the individual. The educational system as a whole is obgliged to meet these new challenges. It must not only act in response to them but has to contribute to actively shaping these tasks. Since the media are especially effective in influencing young people in their thinking, feeling and acting, schools must see their new importance and responsibility. The ministers of education and cultural affairs of the Lnder have encouraged the integration of the new information and communication technologies into teaching and education by a series of agreements. As early as 1972 they initiated the acceptance of the informatics in the curriculum of the senior level at secondary schools (gymnasiale Oberstufe), and in 1982 they agreed on uniform examination standards for the Abitur exam. (The abitur is a secondary school leaving certificate equivalent to other countries' university entrance examinations.) The education in information technology has become an established element in the school curricula of all Lnder of the Federal Republic of Germany. The objective is to give all young people a basic understanding of the new technologies and to educate them in understanding and using the media in a rational and critical way. Boys and girls at school are also to be given possibilities to gain creative and playful access to these technologies. Especially gifted young people are to be given the opportunity of deepening their interest in informatics beyond the regular classroom lessons and of comparing their achievements with students of similar talents and interests. The German Competition in Informatics which is supported by both the Federal Government and the Lnder serves this purpose. The International Olympiad in Informatics is a forum for those who have qualified as best in this discipline and who have won national competitions. This year 46 delegations from all over the world are coming to Bonn to compete in solving computer programming tasks. I cordially welcome all guests and I wish the participants much success in the competition. I hope that you will remember your stay in Germany with pleasure, not only the competition but also the program and the encounters with people from all over the world." Prof. Diether Breitenbach The Minister of Education, Culture and Sports of North Rhine Westphalia "Dear Participants of the Fourth International Olympiad in Informatics. With great pleasure I welcome you to this year's International Olympiad in Informatics in Bonn. I am delighted that so many delegations from all over the world have come to take part in this competition. The great number of participants shows how quickly the idea has spread that the most highly talented and motivated students of various nations should be given the chance to meet in an international contest, which also gives the opportunity to learn something about the host country, to exchange views with others and to make friends. I am glad that this competition is taking place in North Rhine Westphalia and that we can show you some parts of it. I do hope that the program we are offering you is mooting your interest and that you will enjoy the excursions as well as the competition. I wish you much success in the competition and a very pleasant stay in North Rhine Westphalia." Hans Schwier 1.3 Sponsors IBM Deutschland GmbH, Stuttgart Siemens Nixdorf AG, Mnchen Gesellschaft fr Informatik e.V., Bonn Gesellschaft fr Mathematik und Datenverarbeitung mbH, Sankt Augustin Springer-Verlag, Heidelberg UNESCO, Paris Aachen-Mnchener Informatik Service, Aachen Apple Computer mbH, Ismaning Berlin2000 Olympia GmbH, Berlin Borland GmbH, Langen Bcher Behrendt, Bonn Cornelson Verlagsgesellschaft, Bielefeld Co.Tec, Computergesttztes Lernen, Rosenheim Digital Equipment GmbH, Mnchen Ernst Klett-Schulbuchverlag GmbH, Stuttgart Evangelischer Auslnderdienst e.V., Dortmund Falken-Verlag GmbH, Niedernhausen Hansen & Gieraths EDV-Vertriebs GmbH, Bonn hr werbung gmbh, Frankfurt Lanier Deutschland, Neuss Markt & Technik GmbH, Mnchen Microsoft GmbH, Unterschleiheim Parsytec Anwendungen GmbH, Aachen Stoll EDV Europe GmbH, Swisstal Telekom -Deutsche Bundespost, Bonn Travelling Software Inc., Bothell, USA Volkswagen AG, Wolfsburg. 1.4 International Organisations UNESCO A representative of UNESCO is always invited to the olympiads. UNESCO initiated the first olympiad and contributed to the fourth olympiad by sponsoring this final report. UNESCO is a link to other science olympiads and distributes information around the world about the IOI's. It is also distributing this report . IFIP The chairman of the IFIP Technical Committee TC3 on Education, Prof. Tom van Weert was invited and participated in the IOI'92. As a guest to the International Committee he made the following proposals concerning the future involvement of IFIP: There could be -an IFIP jury for the Olympiad instead of the present international jury composition, -an IFIP award, -usage of IFIP expertise in organizing programs, -writing books and setting up exhibitions, -more international visibility through IFIP, -more discussions on futher developments of the Olympiad by putting this item on the agenda of an IFIP conference. These points have been discussed and it had been decided to start with the last one. The Chief Coordinator of IOI'92 Dr. Hans-Werner Hein informed the 12th World Computer Congress "IFIP CONGRESS 92", which was held in the beginning of September 1992 in Madrid, Spain. He gave a poster illustrated lecture about: "International Olympiads in Informatics: What is a proper programming competition task?" He pointed out that an important topic conerning programming competitions is that of the implicit use of certain informatics paradigms. Informatics started on one hand with mathematical paradigms (e.g. Turing machine etc.) on the other hand with product specific paradigms (eg. von-Neumann processor). Meanwhile many paradigms are used concurrently in informatics and new ones appear every now and then (e.g. Object based systems, Neural Nets). It seems to be evident that an IOI competition should not stress certain informatics paradigms too much. His conclusion was that a programming task should have the features: basically paradigm-free, context-free (in a cultural sense), text easy to understand and carefully worded, task decomposable and easily demontrated, results to be easily judged, and, within the olympic constraints, educational. 1.5 National Organisations The Role of Supporters and Organizers The Supporters (GMD and GI) The German National Research Centre for Informatics and Information Technology (GMD) Address: GMD Postfach 1316 D-53757 Sankt Augustin Telephone: +49-2441-14-0 Chairman of the Board of Directors: Prof. Dennis Tsichritzis The Gesellschaft fr Mathematik und Datenverarbeitung (GMD) is a limited liability company and was founded in 1968. Its partners are the Federal Republic of Germany and the States of North-Rhine-Westphalia and Hesse. The GMD is member of the Association of National Reseach Institutions (AGF) in Germany. The objectives of the GMD are: -Research and development, training and further education in the field of informatics, and scientific and technical information and in those fields of mathematics with particular importance for the progress in informatics; -Cooperation with industry, the academic world and with public administration, especially with the above mentioned partners, in matters of the application, promotion and development of information technology; -Providing data processing and communication capacities for purposes defined by its partners. The GMD has been concentrating its research and development tasks in four typical fields, thus defining the following research areas: -Parallel computing -Intelligent multimedia systems -Communication and Cooperation -System design technology. Eight GMD institutes in three locations are forming the organisational framework for these research and development tasks sharing different parts in them: Schlo Birlinghoven / Sankt Augustin I1Institute for Foundation of Information Technology I3Institute for Applied Information Technology I5Institute for System Design Technology I8Institute for Application oriented Software- and Systems Technology Berlin - Adlershof I6Institue for Computer and Software Technology I7Institute for Open Communication Systems Darmstadt I2Institute for Tele-Cooperation Technology I4Institute for Integrated Publication and Information Systems Presently at least one integrated project is being set up in each of the research areas. This will concentrate on cooperation between the institutes and with persons or institutions outside, especially with industry. In future this will form the most important structural element of GMD's research and development work. This concentration of effort is also being applied within the institutes in form of Pilot Projects. Precisely defined steps and milestones will determine the priorities of their research and development work. These projects will be representative of the work of each institute, and they will gain importance, especially with regard to the public recognition of their results. The German Association of Informatics (GI) Address: Gesellschaft fr Informatik e.V., Godesberger Allee 99, D-53175 Bonn, Telephone: +49-228-376751 President: Prof. Roland Vollmar The Gesellschaft fr Informatik e.V. (GI) was founded 1969 in Bonn in order to promote informatics. The 17800 individual and 330 corporate members are coming from informatics research, -education, -industry and -applications and comprise also students in informatics. Scientific work within GI is done by more than 100 Expert Committees, Special Interest groups and Working Groups. Those committees and groups are structured in nine divisions: Foundation of Informatics, Artificial Intelligence, Software Technology and Information Systems, Telematics and Computer Architecture, Information Technology and Technologial Applications, Informatics in Economy, Informatics in Law and Public Administration, Informatics in Education and Profession, Informatics and Society. The 25 regional groups in Germany take care of members and interested people as far as professional and regional questions are concerned. The Deutsche Informatik Akademie, located in Bonn, initiated and mainly supported by GI, offers a high program of continued education for professionals in informatics throughout Germany. Recently the International Conference and Research Center for Computer Science in Dagstuhl Castle has been founded. It is jointly supported by GI and the universities of Saarbrcken, Kaiserslautern and Karlsruhe. Financial support comes from the Saarland and Rheinland-Palatinate. GI is member of the International Federation of Information Processing (IFIP) and of the Council of European Professional Informatics Societies (CEPIS). GI has a seat in the council of the Werner-von-Siemens-Ring foundation and is member of the Deutscher-Verband-Technisch-Wissenschaftlicher-Vereine, which comprises all technological associations in Germany. Every two years GI awards the Konrad-Zuse-Medaille for outstanding contributions in Computer Science. The main organ of the GI is the scientific journal Informatik-Spektrum. GI and GMD do not only arrange the Informatics Olympiad, but they are also responsible for the National Competition in informatics. The National Competition (BWINF) The Bundeswettbewerb Informatik (BWINF) was started in 1980. After three year of experimentation the competition was established in 1984 as a publicly sponsored school competition under the patronage of the Federal President, supported by the Federal Minister for Education and Science, and the Standing Conference of the Ministers of Education and Cultural Affairs of the German Lnder by means of a cooperation contract between GI and GMD. These school contests were held as task-oriented performance competitions. The purpose of the German informatics competitions is the academic encouragement of interested and talented pupils. It should motivate them to become involved with the subject matter and methods of informatics, the application of information processing systems and the resulting problems. In particular, the use of systematic and objective methods and the social relevance of these methods should be considered. In addition the competition should encourage better school education in informatics and attract public attention. The competitions are characterised by the eight problems which are given each year in the first and second rounds. In the first round five generally understandable problems are given and circulated in September to all schools. A pupil must solve at least three of these problems to qualify for the second round. In the secound round three additional and more difficult problems are given. Participation is about 3000 pupils in the first round, 300 in the second round and 30 in the final third round from which the candidates for the International Olympiade are selected. A book series Bundeswettbewerb-Informatik-Aufgaben-und-Lsungen edited by Peter Heyderhoff is published by Klett-Schulbuch-Verlag, Stuttgart, ISBN 3-12-7107501. Each volume contains the eight problems for a year and the problems of the IOI, with comprehensively documented solutions and educational comments. The German Informatics Competition is organized, controlled and promoted by a coordination committee, a problem development panel and an organizing office with Dr. Peter Heyderhoff as Managing Director. The National Committee (AKIOI) The National Committee, the socalled "Arbeitskreis IOI" (AKIOI), was invited to its first meeting in March 1990. Its members were representatives of the Ministry of Education, Culture and Sports of North Rhine Westphalia, of the Federal Ministry of Education and Science and of the Bundeswettbewerb Informatik. Chairman was Prof. Fritz Krckeberg. The task of the National Committee was to develop the guidelines and general planning frame for the IOI'92 and to prepare its realisation. 1.6 The Scientific Structure The International Jury The International Jury was composed of the delegation leaders of all participating countries and the president, nominated by the country where the Olympiad took place. The Jury had its first meeting on the opening day of the Olympiad. The working language was English. The tasks of the Jury were as follows: -election of a representative as vicepresident of the Jury, -election of a coordinator for estimating the result of the competitors of the host nation, -agreement to the regulations of the Olympiad, -alteration of the regulations for future Olympiads, -decision concerning permission of participants for the competition, -decision concerning disciplinary measures, -choice of two competition problems of the proposals choosen in advance, -translation of the problems into the mother language of the participants, -response to the questions asked in writing during the competition, -decision concerning the results as proposed by the Chief Coordinator, -decision concerning winners and prizes. The President of the Jury The President of the Jury, Prof. Peter Widmayer from the ETH Zrich, was nominated by the organizer. His tasks were the following: -being in charge of all meetings of the International Jury during the period of the IOI, -participation in the final meeting of the Scientific committee, -participation in the preparatory seminary for coordinators, -being in charge of the opening ceremony, -being in charge of the closing ceremony, -being in charge of the press conferences, -representation of the IOI to the public, -using his casting vote as necessary, -settlement of conflicts, -timely control of the task of the Scientific Committee, -supervision of the results of the Scientific Committee. The President of the Jury was consulted and supported by the Chief Coordinator and the Managing Director of the IOI with whom he cooperated confidently. The Scientific Committee The Scientific Committee was composed of the Chief Coordinator and six members of the coordinating committee. It became active before the beginning of the Olympiad and had the task of selecting and preparing six problems from those that were submitted by the participating countries. The Scientific Committee was nominated by the Chief Coordinator Dr. Hans-Werner Hein out of the circle of coordinators. With the help of the Chief Coordinator it prepared the selection of tasks for the IOI. The Scientific Committee had the following tasks: -to look at the given problem proposals and their evaluation concerning their qualification, -development of own problem proposals if those present are insufficient, -selection of three problems for each of the two competition days, -development of scientifically founded evaluations of difficulty and solubility, -development of sample solutions demonstrating the solubilty, -development of testing dates for each problem, -development of homogeneous evaluation rules for each task, -final formulation of the problems (in English), -issue of an evaluation scheme for the acceptance of the solutions. The Coordinating Committee The Coordinating Committee consisted of coordinators and the Chief Coordinator. It had the task of examining and evaluating all solutions. The Coordinating Committee was composed of informatics experts from the host country, representing about half the number of participating teams. The Coordinating Committee was nominated by the host country. The coordinator responsible for the German team was elected by and from the members of the international jury. 25 coordinators nominated by the organizer had the following tasks: -an evaluation team was composed by each coordinator and two delegation leaders. It was responsible for the two teams of the two delegation leaders. The coordinator was in charge of the evaluation team. Its tasks were the following: -to respond to questions at the beginning of the competition, -to execute the tests with the corresponding participant, -to evaluate the competition results, -to liaise with the corresponding evaluation team, -to conduct a professional check of the evaluation of the delegation leaders, -to report to the Chief Coordinator concerning the tasks of the evaluation team, -to liaise with a coordinated evaluation in points, -to balance all evaluations in exchange with the other coordinators, -to participate in the preparatory seminar for coordinators, -to participate in the performances at the IOI. The Chief Coordinator The Chief Coordinator, Dr. Hans-Werner Hein from the University of Dortmund, was nominated by the organizer. The Chief Coordinator himself nominated the Scientific Committee out of the coordinators group. His responsibilities included -being in charge of all meetings of the Scientific Committee, -reporting to the President of the Jury of the working results of the Scientific Committee, -being in charge of the preparatory seminar for coordinators, -being in charge of all meetings of the coordinators for coordinating evaluations, -settling cases of conflicts in an evaluation team, -participating in meetings of the International Jury with the following tasks: -presentation of the two times three problems choosen, -explanation of the evaluation system for the two competition problems, -presentation of the final results of the evaluation, -information concerning the evaluation results. The Chief Coordinator was consulted by the Managing Director of the IOI. 1.7 The Organisational Structure Managing Director of IOI The Managing Director of the IOI Dr. Peter Heyderhoff was responsible for the whole organisation of the IOI. He worked within the frame and guidelines planned, elaborated and given by the National Committee. His tasks were -planning and structuring all tasks and subtasks, -setting up a working program, -nominating, contracting, supervising and motivating the personnel, -providing and administrating all necessary resources, -planning and controlling the finances, -finding of ad hoc solutions for all unplanned events, -initiating public relations, -giving the final report. Chief Organizer The Chief Organizer Gnther Miklitz worked for half a year full time in this project and cooperated strongly with the Managing Director. His tasks were: -planning, structuring preparing and executing the working program, -scheduling and organizing all tasks and subtasks, -controlling the working progress, -planning and organizing the cultural program, -preparing the main information brochure, -preparing meetings and reports, -coordinating suggestions and interests of various parties involved, especially of all supporting partners in industry and public administration. Secretary A foreign language secretary Christel Klein was engaged for the last half year before the olympiad. Her tasks were: -Telefone, Telefax andgeneral communication service, -international and multilingual correspondence, -planning and registration of all hotel reservations, -building up a database with data of all participants, -event coordination according to given schedules, -registration of all documents and typewriting, -reception of guests. Assistant in the Convention Office During the Olympic week four assistants formed the convention office and guaranted that the office was constantly occupied. Their tasks included -execution of all office tasks (even ad hoc), care of participants, information in different languages, telephone and fax service, data base inquiries and issue of reports by using the IOI data base system, -organisation of reception, organisation and scheduling of the escort service instructions to the hostesses concerning their tasks -accompanying groups during daily excursions, -special VIP escort services, -advising and training hostesses at preparatory meetings about -IOI regulations and organisation, -useful idioms in English, -using given participants' data for a communicative attitude, -native languages, culture, religions, and geographical data of the participants, -cultural specific reactions and forms of courtesy, -religious services in Bonn, -further information for the participants. Chief Technician The Chief Technician Franz Kpke was responsible to the Managing Director of the IOI'92 for the complete technical installation. The activities of the Chief Technician included: -conception of the installation of 200 computers and 10 printers, -planning of rooms at the competition location, -time planning for installation from date of delivery until date of removal, -design of the working plan for the technical staff: -organisation of installation of computers, -formatting of diskettes and copying, -unpacking of computers, -installation of computers, -installation of a master system, -transferring all software from the master to all installed computers using lap link technique in a cascading manner, -checking of functions, -organisation of availability of technicians: -supervision of functions, -securing against sabotage, -instruction for users, -correction of technical failures, -organisation of technical service of diskettes and printers: -each participant received two formated diskettes, -during the competition he can print one diskette, -after the competition all diskettes must be printed, -organisation of the removal of computers by the technicians: -checking of functions, -deletion of software -removal and packing. Technicians for Supervision Approximately 200 pupils of 50 nations were expected to participate in the competition. Each student should work on a computer. 23 students in informatics were needed for the technical installation and supervision. They formed the Technical Committee of the IOI. All 200 computers had to be transported, unpacked, connected, installed, checked, supervised and loaded with the necessary system software. The participants of the competition had to be instructed concerning the application. During the competition the work of the participants had to be supervised. Participants of the competition and members of the jury had to be assisted when printing the programs. After the competitions the software had to be deleted again, the computers had to be checked, removed, packed and transported. Software Consultant -The Software Consultant Andreas Voss was responsible for the planning, installation and control of the automatic IOI info system, which included the data base of the participants and the evaluation systems for the competition. -He assisted the Managing Director in all questions concerning software, especially concerning -conception for application of database, -providing, selecting and installing the programming environment, -providing the entertaining software. -He assisted the Chief Technician concerning planning and organisation of the whole computer installation and produced the necessary bootstrap software. -He assisted the Chief Coordinator in the numerical data acquisition, the results of the competition and the statistical report by using suitable software. -He planned and organised the printing service during the competition and during the evaluation and had the necessary software available. -During the Olympic week he served in the convention office and made available competent information and help concerning questions in software and computer techniques. -He handled ad hoc all programming tasks at the convention office. -He advised the staff in using the data base system. Expert Journalist His task included presentating the IOI to the public. In detail, his tasks were the following: -announcement of the Olmpiad by a press release, -report about the registrations by a second press release, -detailed report to dpa (cultural affairs) and the organisations of scientific journalists for Germany and Europe in Newsletters, -scientific press conference about high ability promotion and scientific competitions, as well as an article concerning this subject, -press release about registered teams and its accompanying persons, -invitation of journalists to participate in the Olympiad as observers, -organisation and invitation for two press conferences directly before and after the Olympiad, -detailed article about excursions to be published in local newspapers at the places of excursions, -responsibility for general information to the press during the Olympiad. Hostesses For the reception and accompanying task 37 hostesses were engaged and formed the Reception Committee for the olympic week. The responsibilities of the hostesses included: a) reception service on arrival of delegations by hostess teams at the airport. Escort to the Olympic Hotel, mainly on the official day of arrival and the official day of departure, b) assistance in questions of orientation of the participants at the place of performance: -information concerning program and regulations of the IOI, -orientation help in the city (post, shopping possibilities, means of communication, medical help, etc.), -accompanying students for recreational activities (volleyball, table tennis, swimming), c) participation in spare time program and evening festivities. Sports Teachers Three sports teachers were engaged during the olympic week. They had the following tasks: Planning and leading of recreational activities. Didactic and methodical preparation by considering the international composition of groups and the program in total. Conversation in English. The recreation program included: condition training with music, long-distance races, ball games (football, basketball, volleyball) and swimming. Indoor gymnasions could be used depending on the weather. Convention office The convention hotel was the Gustav Stresemann Institute (GSI). The convention office was opened from 8:00 to 18:00 h. Computers, typewriters, copymachine, faxmachine and telephones were available. Everyone wore identifying badges with the following coding: numbers (1..4) = student, green dot = team leader, white dot = accompanying person, yellow dot = hostess, blue dot = coordinator, black dot = technician, red dot = organizer, two dots = chief two red dots = chief organizer, two green dots = leader of the delegation. 1.8 Main Organisational Tasks Once the National Committee for the Preparation of the IOI (AKIOI) had worked out and defined guidelines, the organizing office developed a plan for the way in which the organisational tasks were to be solved. This plan included suggestions to the personnel involved in the IOI, the financial management, the cultural activities during the competition week, the hosting of participants, the preparation of equipment and software, the graphics and some other aspects. After the National Committee had decided about the plan, which was done in four meetings prepared by the organizing office, the actual organizing of the IOI'92 started. The organizing office benefitted from the valuable guidance of Prof. Fritz Krckeberg, chairman of the National Committee and institute manager at GMD, who excercised his role as supervisor in a friendly, committed and cooperative manner. Financial Management As early as 1989 Dr. Peter Heyderhoff, the Managing Director, submitted a detailed financial plan to the Federal Minister of Education and Science requesting the main financial support of the IOI'92. The answer was positive so that preparations could be started. The expenses of the IOI'92, calculated on the basis of the before mentioned financial plan went into the national annual budget, which was passed by Parliament in 1991. In 1990 two leading firms of Germany's computer industry agreed to grant technical support by providing free of charge around 200 computers for a period of four weeks for the IOI'92. Performing the administration of finances, the Managing Director cooperated with the GMD's department of finance, which provided accounting and cost control service. His secretary assisted him. The rest of the organizing staff were not involved in financial matters. Personnel Management Considering the various groups of people involved in organizing the IOI, the main problem was how to motivate and prepare everyone to accomplish his or her task. Dr. Peter Heyderhoff, the Managing Director, assigned each person his or her task and allowed the highest degree of individual responsibility. He therefore created an atmosphere of confidence and trust, and he assured an open flow of information. While the members of the Coordinating and Scientific Committees were all teachers and scientists, who could be hired with their employers' consent, the organizing office had to rely on a large group of high school or university students who were given short term working contracts or who were remunerated on an hourly basis and according to commitment. That way many jobs were done by persons who had no professional qualifications. This explains a few shortcomings. But the organizers hope that the impression is true: the overall reaction to the organizers' performance on the principle of "by young people for young people" has been quite positive. The amount of preparation work of the various groups with specific tasks is indicated by the following schedule: January: Nomination of the members of the Coordinating Committee. They were scientists of German universities and of GMD. February: Recruiting members of the Technical and Reception Committees, 30 members each. May: First meeting of the Scientific Committee. June: Preparatory Meeting with university students, hired to supervise the Reception Committee. June: Preparatory Meeting for the counsellors of the Technical Committee. July: Meetings of Reception Committee, Technical Committee and small group of teachers and entertainers. July: Meeting of the Coordinating Committee. In addition, minor meetings were held with private sponsors and government representatives to prepare the opening and closing day activities, parts of the cultural program and to coordinate the acquisition of additional sponsorships. Hosting of Teams and Guests By May 16, 1992, 177 students, 92 delegation leaders and their deputies as well as 23 accompanying persons had registered. The number of registrations was much larger than expected, considering that in the previous competition in Greece the number of participating teams had amounted to 23. Hotel Room Capacity One year before IOI'92, when the hotel reservations had to be made, nobody had been able to make reservations for these unexpectedly large numbers. Finally, the Gustav Stresemann Institute helped by offering extra room capacity. Still in the need of more rooms, the necessary reservations could be made in two hotels in Bad Godesberg. Luckily, all national delegations and some extra official guests could be accommodated in the Gustav Stresemann Institute. Only guests who were staying at their own expenses, according to the government invitation, had to be put up in the two extra hotels. The reservations made in these hotels served also as extra room capacity for unexpected guests. This precaution proved to be right, because some guests who had not registered, did arrive. As far as the hotel room booking is concerned, it is worth mentioning that the organizing office allocated the rooms to the individual guests, thanks to the computer equipment and software (Paradox, version 4) used by the office. The hotels could then be given a complete room booking plan. Welcoming Participants and Guests Upon arrival, each participant received free of charge a rucksack with information material, a ten day pass on the public transport system of the city of Bonn, a telephone card for free telephone calls worth 12,-DM, and 50,-DM in cash as pocket money. In order to make it easier for our international guests to move around, to see things and to meet people, a group of about 30 girls from the Clara Schumann Grammar School in Bonn had volunteered to form a Reception Committee and to organize an escort service. Each delegation was greeted at the airport or at the railway station by two of these girls who then showed them the way to the hotel. During the competition week and in some of the cultural programs they were committed to doing small organisational and informational jobs. Security and Insurance Arrangements were made to guarantee the security of all participants and guests during the competition week. The local fire department sent a unit for the opening and closing ceremonies at Schlo Birlinghoven. The police were informed of all events. A health insurance was purchased to cover possible medical bills. Transportation As said before, all participants were given free passes for the bus tram and underground system within the city of Bonn. The sponsorship of this as well as of parts of the cultural program was by the City of Bonn, which collaborated in a very friendly manner. Another transportation task was the hiring of buses for the various trips during the competition week. Since it was not certain how many people would participate in the different cultural activities offered, due to options offered by the program, bus capacity had to be estimated. The private transportation company helped at short notice to provide the capacity actually needed. Information Brochures Two information brochures were produced by the organizing office: one in English, slim and handy which included the official program, and the other in German and English, in a larger format, with a collection of articles about informatics in Germany. First and Second Announcement Prior to these publications, two information papers were prepared, the first and the second announcement and call for participation. These papers were circulated world wide through Germany's Foreign Office. The second announcement contained the regulations for the IOI'92. It was drafted by a group of government experts in the field of education (representatives of the Federal Government and of the State Governments of Germany). Later, at the meeting of the International Committee on 27th October 1991 in Bonn, the paper "Preliminary Regulations" was accepted, following the basic outlines of the draft paper (see report of the Meeting of the International Committee, chapter 1.9). The organizing office provided its secretarial assistance service. Program Brochure A program brochure in English was given to each participant. It contained the following information: I. Words of welcome by Prof. R. Ortleb, Minister of Education and Science of the Federal Republic of Germany, and by H. Schwier, Minister of Education, Culture and Sports in North Rhine Westphalia. An article on Germany's and the world's first computer pioneer, Konrad Zuse II. Practical information and orientation on the following points: -the convention and travel office, -emergency phone numbers, -the exhibition of didactic material, -the meaning of the identity badges worn by all, -medical aid, -money exchange, -postal service, -public transport and validity of tickets given to the participants, -religious services, -shopping hours, -sports opportunities, -telephone service. III. Outline of Program with time schedules and daily activities IV. Regulations with conditions for participation; -the responsible parties of the IOI'92, such as President, International Jury, Coordinating Committee and Scientific Committee; -selection of problems and permitted programming languages; -the equipment provided for each student; -working languages; outline of the competition -procedure with working time, evaluation of results -and prize awarding principles, V. List of participating nations with the names of team leaders and list of host country's representatives of the IOI'92 VI. List of sponsors VII. Map of Rheinaue Park "Informatics in Germany" The National Committee and the organizing office felt that more information than could be presented in the program brochure should be given about the host of the IOI'92. That is why the 60 page brochure "Informatics in Germany" was published. It consisted of two parts, one in English, the other in German, each containing -welcoming addresses by Rainer Ortleb, Minister of Education and Science, and by Dieter Breitenbach, President of the Standing Conference of the Ministers of Education and Cultural Affairs of the Lnder (states) in the Federal Republic of Germany -an article by Peter Heyderhoff outlining the German Informatics Competition (Bundeswettbewerb Informatik) -an article by Gnther Miklitz (with a short introduction to Germany's educational system) about the existing concept of computer education for Germany's schools -excerpts from a guide to informatics in German universities (W. Brauer et. al.. Studien-und Forschungsfhrer Informatik, Berlin-Heidelberg 1989) -excerpts from DAAD -German Academic Exchange Service (ed.) Studying in Germany -Information for foreign students -three articles on advanced computer applications in the field of multimedia and natural language processing provided by the IOI's main sponsors IBM, Siemens-Nixdorf and Springer-Verlag Heidelberg -brief presentations of the two institutions supporting the German Informatics Competition: Gesellschaft fr Mathematik und Datenverarbeitung mbH (GMD) and Gesellschaft fr Informatik e.V. (GI). Graphic Design The unified appearance of publications before, during, and after the competition was assured by the work of a professional graphic design company. In two working sessions and in many telephone calls between the organizing office and the company the following designing tasks were done: -covers of program and information brochures -IOI'92 sign -identity badge -posters -large posters at buildings -stickers for participants and organizing staff -invitation folder for opening and prize awarding ceremony -heading for paper used in the competition -certificates of participation and for prize winners -medals -souvenir folder -stickers with international flags -flags of all participating countries. Rooms and Equipment The organizing office assumed that at the most 180 students would be in the competition. In case of breakdown additional machines were to be held in reserve. It was clear from the beginning that only large companies would be able to provide the necessary number of personal computers. IBM and Siemens-Nixdorf had agreed to support the IOI'92. They were willing to provide free of charge 95 personal computers (transportation costs included) and 5 printers each. After the technical aspects (electric power supply, electric sockets per room etc.) of how 190 PCs and 10 printers could be set up in the Gustav Stresemann Institute, the Technical Committee managed to unpack the machines and get them working in two days. For future reference it may be of interest to know how many computers were set up per room and the room sizes; there were six rooms available and the computer placement was as follows: Room No Room size Computers S 1-2 97 qm 36 S 5-6 226 qm 82 S 7 36 qm 13 S 8 34 qm 12 S 9-11 73 qm 26 S 10 29 qm 10 It may also be interesting to know what kind of equipment problems had to be solved. The following excerpt from a check list will give a good illustration: -transfer of the software from one master pc to all 190 computers in an cascading manner by using lap link -write a test procedure to check the correct installation of programs -install printing precedures -prepare automatic installation and diskettes for booting -prepare participants' diskettes, 4 per student -prepare diskettes for coordinators -prepare the copying of diskettes for competition tasks -prepare anti-virus diskettes -provide English language versions of some compilers -question of installing DOSSHELL. The Technical Committee did a remarkable job. During and after the competition a number of knowledgable persons observed that a private company with professional computer technicians would have had trouble if asked to perform the same tasks in the same time and with the same dedication and with the same excellent results. 1.9 Preparational Events Meetings of the National Committee Five meetings of the National Committee were held between 1 March 1990 and 17 March 1992. Members of the National Committee were: Prof. Fritz Krckeberg, GMD (Chairman) Ursula Brauer, University Mnchen Prof. Volker Claus, University Oldenburg Dr. Michael Fothe, Gymnasium Erfurt Dr. Hans-Werner Hein, University Dortmund Dr. Peter Heyderhoff, IOI'92 Managing Director Prof. Immo Kerner, University Dresden Dr. H.-G. Klaus, GMD OStR Dr. Leo Klingen, Gymnasium Bonn MinR H.G. Langewiesche, State Ministry OStR Ina Lei, Gymnasium Oppenheim Prof. Rdiger Loos, University Tbingen OStR Gnther Miklitz, IOI'92 Organizer MinR Renate Musso, Federal Ministerium OStR Vera Reineke, Gymnasium Hannover Dr. Karlheinz Schunk, GMD Dr. Hans Ingo Tilgner, Federal Ministry Prof. Roland Vollmar, GI Prof. Peter Widmayer, ETH Zrich In the meetings numerous guidelines were developed and many activities planed. The experiences of the IOI's in Bulgaria, Bellorussia and Greece gave important orientation. The main objective was to find the right balance between cordial hospitality with an interesting cultural program and a scientifically based and well organized competition. Meeting of the International Committee held from October 27 -30, 1991 in Bonn Members of the International Committee: Pavel Azalov, Bulgaria (excused) Alicia Banuelos, Argentina (excused) Peter Hanak, Hungary Peter Heyderhoff, Germany (President) Walt James, Great Britain Christos Kilias, Greece Vladimir Kiryukhin, USSR Ries Kock, Netherlands Yngve Lindberg, Sweden 1. Peter Heyderhoff opened the meeting and welcomed the participants. He introduced the following guests: -Dr. Hans-Werner Hein, Chief Coordinator, -Ms. Christel Klein, Secretary, -Prof. Fritz Krckeberg, National Chairman, -Mr. Gnther Miklitz, Organizer of the IOI'92, -Dr. Hans Ingo Tilgner, Federal Ministry, -Prof. Tom van Weert, IFIP representative. He proposed an agenda, which was accepted. On his initiative the International Committee (I.C.) agreed to thank the Greek government for all its efforts, support and hospitality in the IOI'91. 2. Christos Kilias gave a detailed report of the organisational and financial aspects of the IOI'91. The total cost amounted to 12 million drachm -salaries for personnel not included. As to the countries which received invitations, he pointed out that all countries with embassies in Greece were invited. He suggested that in order to be able to calculate with stable figures, new countries should be invited to participate for the first time as observers only. 3. Peter Heyderhoff gave a report of the preparations for the IOI 1992 in Bonn. He pointed out that the funding had been secured thanks to corresponding efforts by the Federal Ministry of Education and Science and by the Ministry of Education of the Land North Rhine Westphalia. He also explained the various activities planned for the Olympiad. On behalf of the Federal Ministry of Education and Science, Dr. Tilgner reported briefly on the procedure of officially inviting countries to participate. The IC welcomed the program as presented. It made a few suggestions to organisational details. 4. The paper "Announcement and Preliminary Regulations" was discussed and accepted with minor changes: -The coordinators should have good command of English and they should have sufficient background knowledge in informatics. High programming competence is required. -Changes to the regulations for Olympiads after the IOI'92 will be discussed in Bonn next year, for example a change in the admission of printed material that may be used by the students. -Each team leader will receive informal copies of the students' results. 5. Hans-Werner Hein presented the paper "Evaluation and Arbitration", which was accepted. In its discussion, the IC agreed on the following points: -Copy machines will be available for copying the evaluation forms. -The Scientific Committee must try out all problems in all programming languages permitted. -On the competition days, students may not use the keyboards after they have finished their work, i.e. after 3 pm. The testing procedures are typed in by the coordinators. 6. After a discussion of aspects of an exhibition of didactic and advertising materials that have been used in national competitions, the IC agreed on the following: -Each country will be given the opportunity to exhibit material used in its preparation for the Olympiad, such as posters, pictures, printed training material, reference material, books, diskettes with examples and solution, statistical information, material for distribution, ideas of new kinds of problems, (team work problems, non algorithmic problems) on diskettes. -There shall be prizes for teachers exhibiting good training material. 7. Recommendations for organizing and preparing the IOI'92 were welcomed by the organizers. 8. Ries Kock gave a report on plans for setting up an olympic information centre in the Netherlands. The information centre may function as an e-mail box and distribute didactic material for IOI training. 9. The report of preparations for the 5th Olympiad in Argentina was postponed. It was suggested that the organisation of a group flight from Europe to Argentina should be considered in order to profit from low charter flight rates. There should be an e-mail discussion of details. 10. Ries Kock and Yngve Lindberg reported on their preparations for hosting the Olympiad in their countries. In the Netherlands the government was willing to take a decision by end of November 1991. In Sweden no problem should arise for organizing the Olympiad in 1994. Hungary may be able to organize the Olympiad in 1996. It would then coincide with the country's 1000th anniversary. The IC drafted the following plan for countries to host future Olympiads: a) Countries hosting future olympiads: Germany (1992), Argentina (1993), Sweden (1994), Netherlands (1995), Hungary (1996). b) List of countries that may want to consider hosting the Olympiad: China, South Korea, Thailand, Italy, Austria, Germany (in 2000) The IC asked Peter Heyderhoff as president of the IC and Fritz Krckeberg as representative of the "Bundeswettbewerb Informatik" and chairman of the National Committee of the IOI'92 to write letters to the governments of Sweden, Netherlands and Hungary in order to request their agreement in organizing an Olympiad. 11. Tom van Weert reported on the cooperation with UNESCO/IIP and IFIP TC3 on education. He proposed the following points: There could be -an IFIP jury for the Olympiad instead of the present international jury composition, -an IFIP award, -usage of IFIP expertise in organizing programs, writing books and setting up exhibitions, -more international visibility through IFIP, -more discussions on futher developments of the Olympiad by putting this item on the agenda of an IFIP conference. After a discussion of these proposals the IC decided the following: a)Each organizing country should contact the national IFIP representative in order to take the issue of further developments of the Olympiad into an IFIP conference or into a special working session. b)IFIP experts should be invited to participate in the discussions on further developments during the olympic event. c)Lectures on the IOI should be given at international conferences that are appropriate for receiving such information. 12. During discussions on future developments of the IOI particular attention should be given to the following areas: a) possible new problem domains b) team work problems. The IC called upon its members to present ideas for team work problems at the next IOI in Bonn. Argentina is expected to present a team work problem which should be given outside the official competition to the participants of the Olympiad. 13. In a final discussion, the IC accepted the paper "Guidelines for Future Olympiads in Informatics". The President thanked all participants for their committed and fruitful collaboration and closed the meeting. Meetings of the Scientific Committee The working style of the Scientific Committee was mainly based on communication by electronic mail, letters, and telephone. So only two plenum meetings on May, 20th and June, 12th were necessary to discuss some more general problems and make final decisions. The main topics and results of these meetings were: - pre-information The Chief Coordinator informed the committee about his experiences and observations as the Coordinating Committee's host at the 3rd IOI in Athens and as a guest of the International Committee Meeting at October 1991 in Bonn. - task selection The committee members had worked through all task proposals individually at home. In the first meeting 15 of the proposals were labeled as worth to be discussed in detail. The following discussion ended in a broad agreement to start the development process with some nine most promising task candidates. To distribute the workload, for each candidate task two committee members formed an expert team. In the second meeting, according to the intermediate formulation and programming experiences, three task candidates were dropped and the final development of the remaining six tasks decided. - task development The Chief Coordinator had in advance prepared a discussion paper "What is a proper programming competition task?" which was used as a starting point of the Scientific Committee's considerations. An updated version of this paper was presented later at the IFIP Conference in Madrid in September 1992, and is available from the author. According to the paper's criteria the Scientific Committee developed the competition tasks. E.g. a very strict task structure standard was settled (see chapt. 4.1), beginning with the task naming and numbering, and ending with a detailed and explicit "credits table" - stating to the contestants in advance, for which solution parts or attributes she or he could receive how much points. The wording of the tasks was done very carefully, no task text underwent fewer than ten formulation versions. - task evaluation The problem of each contest is that there is limited time and a limited number of people to finish the evaluation procedure. The Scientific Committee agreed to tackle that problem using the following strategy: *by developing a scoring system with credit tables to reduce the number of necessary "agreements-per-task" between each team leader and each evaluator to a fixed and reasonable number (about 10). *by formulating the statements to be agreed upon "as binary as possible". *by organising the first evaluation phase using formulae to be filled within a timely limited interview (about 25 min.). This phase should settle only those 99% of all agreements which could be be found without much discussion in a few minutes. This was done by strictly looking exclusively to the input-output behaviour of the solution programs (blackbox evaluation). The Scientific Committee expected thus, that in the second evaluation phase all spare time and mental effort could be fairly distributed to those few cases where team leader and evaluator could not agree so far. Overall the team leaders should have the chance to prepare themselves by interviewing their students and by studying the solution programs before meeting again any evaluator. This would make the discussion much more technically oriented, and the team leaders would be able to guide the evaluators quicker to the point why their credit claims might be reasonable (whitebox evaluation with expert). Youth Meeting with the President The tradidional youth meeting with the President of the Federal Republic of Germany took place in Schlo Bellevue, in Berlin, on 12th June 1992. All national competitions for school students with their winners were invited. The "Bundeswettbewerb Informatik" took this opportunity to inform President Richard von Weizscker about the International Olympiad in Informatics (see pictures). Final Report 1.10 Carrying out the IOI'92    Carrying out the IOI'92 Final Report 1.10  1.10 Carrying out the IOI The Invitation The German Foreign Office submitted through its embassies an official invitation letter dated 11th of November 1991 to the governments of the following countries: Algeria, Argentina, Australia, Austria, Bahrain, Belgium, Brazil, Bulgaria, Brunei, Belorussia, Canada, China, Columbia, Cuba, Cyprus, Czechoslovakia, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Gabun, Germany, Greece, Hong Kong, Hungary, Iceland, India, Indonesia, Iran, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Japan, Korea, Kuwait, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxemburg, Macao, Malaysia, Malta, Mexico, Mongolia, Morocco, Netherlands, New Zealand, Nigeria, Norway, Philippines, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Singapore, South Africa, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Thailand, Trinidad and Tobago, Tunesia, Turkey, Soviet Union (Russia), Ukraine, United States, United Kingdom, Viet Nam, West Africa, Zimbabwe. The Response By the 13th March 1992 48 applications were sent to the organizing office. The following twenty countries either gave negative respondes or failed to reply: Austria, Bahrain, Brazil, Brunei, Canada, Cuba, Denmark, France, Iceland, India, Indonesia, Ireland, Israel, Japan, Malaysia, Morocco, New Zealand, Norway, Philippines, West Africa. The Arrival Day 56 delegations had registered for IOI'92 and their arrival was expected. Some arrived one or two days before the official IOI'92 week. The delegations were received and escorted by a hostess reception service. By the afternoon of Sunday the 12th July, 44 delegations had checked in. The following teams did not arrive as planned and were expected: 1. Colombia 3 persons 2. Gabon 6 persons 3. Kuwait 6 persons 4. Morocco 1 person 5. Mongolia 6 persons 6. Nigeria 1 person and according to their application the following teams are expected later: 7. Algeria 6 persons 8. Argentina 1 person 9. Bulgara 6 persons 10. China 1 person 11. Viet Nam 6 persons During the arrival day there had been many opportunities for personal contact and for exploring the surroundings of the convention hotel. In the nearby parc (Rheinaue) there was a big open-air folk festival. In the hotel, the Siemens Corporation showed an exhibition about the use of computers as a help for handicaped people. IBM presented a colourful globe clock with worldtime information. The IOI announced that an exhibition of posters of participating countries was being prepared. The computing room was open so that every participant was able to get aquainted with the equipment. Poster Session We had announced an exhibition of didactic material and of information with reference to national contests, selection procedure and training for the olympiad. Many countries contributed and exhibited their material in our exhibition hall. Especially on the first day it was exciting to see the poster exhibition grow by each arriving contribution. Material from the following list was shown: -posters and pictures -printed training material -reference material, books -diskettes with examples and solution -statistical information -material for distribution -ideas of new kinds of problems (team work problems, non algorithmic problems) on diskettes. Opening Religious Service The first official event of the olympic program was a Common Prayer on Sunday, the arrival day, at 19:00 h. Everybody was warmly invited. This Common Prayer was prepared by young Christians: a prayer group and a music group. It was clearly announced that this common prayer would be religion independent. Therefore there was no sermon or teaching or special ceremony so that people of various denominations and religions could feel comfortable. This Common Prayer was conducted by a young teacher Dr. Uli Drescher and by Gaby Heyderhoff with her worship music team. International well known hymns were presented with guitare, flute, violin and percussion instruments. Short readings from the Bible in many languages, prayers, thanksgiving and periods of silent prayer constituted this act of common prayer. A majority of those who had already arrived attended this service and were impressed by its dignity. The Heilig Kreuz Church, the place for this Common Prayer, was opened for the whole week for everybody's silent worship. Opening Ceremony Opening Ceremony at Schlo Birlinghoven, 13th July 1992 11:00h Concert Music C.-W. Gluck: Ballettmusik aus Don Juan (1714-1787) Sinfonia Stndchen an Elvira Fest im Hause Don Juan Flucht der Gste 11:10h Welcome Greetings Prof. Fritz Krckeberg Chairman of the National Committee of the International Olympiad in Informatics 1992 11:15h Speech Prof. Dennis Tsichritzis Chairman of the Board of Directors of the GMD (German National Research Centre for Informatics and Information Technology) 11:35h Introductory Remarks by the Jury Prof. Peter Widmayer President of the Jury 11.50h Introduction to the Olympic Program Dr. Peter Heyderhoff Managing Director of IOI'92 Remarks on the GMD's Presentation Program in the afternoon 12:05h Concert Music Kurt Schwaen Tnzerische Imprssionen (1909) Allegro Andande molto Allegretto grazioso Allegro vivo 12:10h Walk in the Gardens 12:30h Lunch on the Terrace (Music by Winners of the German National Competition "Jugend musiziert" (Youth Music Festival)) Youth Ensemble Vivaldi from Bottrop: Ulrike Sawicki (Mandoline), Silke Mller (Mandoline), Anke Naujokat (Mandola), Birgit Schwab(Gitarre), Anke Gntgen Kontraba) Opening Speeches Prof. Fritz Krckeberg, Chairman of the National Committee "Ladies and Gentlemen,students and guests from 47 countries from all over the world, head of delegations from more than 50 countries, representatives of IFIP and UNESCO, may I on behalf of the National Committee welcome you all to this Fourth International Olympiad in Informatics here in Germany. I welcome also representatives from embassies, government institutions, science and research institutions; our olympiad staff and all our assistents. We remember with pleasure the Third Olympiad in Informatics which we experienced a year ago in Greece, in Athens and Anavyssos. For this brilliantly organized olympiad and for the heartly welcome which we received, we thank the Greek government and Professor Christos Kilias and his organizing team. We wish all participants and guests of the Olympiad a pleasant and culturally inspiring stay in Germany and a peaceful sporting competition. Personal contacts are equally important for the success of the competition. Friendship starts and grows in the hearts of young people. The Federal President Richard von Weizscker as patron of the organizers greets all participants and wishes the olympiad in Bonn every success and interesting comparisons. Herewith I declare the Fourth International Olympiad in Informatics as opened." Prof. Dennis Tsichritzis, Director of GMD "Meine sehr geehrten Damen und Herren, als Vorstandsvorsitzender der GMD sollte ich Sie in deutsch begren. Je suis aussi un professeur l'Universit de Genve et je pouvais aussi vous saluer en francais, ... But I will break all protocols and will talk to you directly in English because this is the language you understand best. I was asked to make a short speech and I had the choice, I could talk about the olympic spirit, I could talk about GMD which is the host organisation and I could talk about Schlo Birlinghoven because, after all, my office is in this building. I will not follow these instructions. As far as the olympic spirit is concerned, as a Greek I should know a lot about it, since the olympic idea was started in ancient Greece. But I really believe that all great ideas don't belong to one country, they belong to the whole world, so anybody could talk about the olympic idea as well as a Greek. The second topic about GMD and about this building: GMD is a large federal research laboratory of the German government. We have about 1,400 people. There are about 800 in this area, 300 in Berlin and 300 in Darmstadt. We are doing research and development in information technology. I will not go into details about the projects we have. Somebody asked me whether this is our largest room that you could fit in and I said probably not, but it's the nicest and if you look around you're surrounded by European culture. Almost all the paintings you see and the fire places and the works of art are originals. A lot of them don't come from Germany, they come from other places in Europe, they come from Italy, they come from France, etc. As you're studying modern technology you should contemplate also what ancient technology was all about. So finally I'll spend the most of my time on informatics. You could describe the evolution of this area in four words: computation, information, communication and imagination. The first computers, as the name actually implies, were mainly for computation. Computation was an old dream that many scientists and mathematicians had over the centuries. They wanted a mechanical way to compute. They wanted to think, they didn't want to waste their time in computation. The old computing machines and especially the new computers can perform very many computations. But as time went by computers were not mainly used for computation. Even small calculators, that most of you already have, exhaust all your needs for computation. Very few people need more computation than these small calculators provide. Although for specialized cases you need very large computers to do computation, most of the computers most of the time don't compute. They do other things. The second word explains a little bit more what computers were doing after computation. They were dealing with information. Take as an example an airline reservation system. You walk in and you reserve a seat. And believe me, there is usually a very large system which does that for you. When you think about the computation that has to be effected, it's not very sophisticated, all you have to do is subtract 1 from a number which is not more than 300. There are that many seats and you have to take one. And then you have to scratch your head and ask what do these big computers do the rest of the time. They deal mainly with information. And a lot of the cycles of computers the world over are mainly for transaction oriented database systems which deal with information in general. One could stop here but I think that we have a brighter future. I consider that communication is probably even more important than information. People are overloaded with information. I mean it's just too much and most people cannot really absorb it. There are a lot of external databases. There is a lot of information floating around. In large organisations the problem is not to have access to information. The problem is that you have too much. You have different systems and they tell you to do different things. But there is one area that still is not exhausted and that is the need for communication. Communication was originally completely independent from computers, mainly based on telephones. When people think about communication they think about wires, they think about telephones and about television. There are two things that are happening which are extremely important. The first is that the raw technology for information systems and the raw technology for communication systems is exactly the same. You may not know it, but if you look at the value of a very large telephone system, most of it is in software, it is just programs. As time goes on, especially with new wide band networks, we replace copper with fibre optics and get a lot of bandwidth, but we still have to deal with communication. There is a huge application area coming. Many people are willing to invest not only their money but their time in communication. Most of the people who today study informatics may work tomorrow in the communication area and not in the informatics area. For your age it's not important what people do now and it's not important what people would do in a few years from now. It's very important what people would do in ten years from now. More than that I just can't predict. The fourth word that I would like to leave with you is imagination. You may ask in what way computers can deal with imagination. A new area of multimedia and visualisation is coming, where computers play a very large role. High definition television has as many chips as a computer. With the help of computer systems -and perhaps you get a chance to see some of them here -you can visualize things. Pretty soon you will be able to use computers in a very similar way, just as artists worked when doing these ancient paintings. They saw something and they painted it. Now what you can do is you can see something and you cannot only capture it but you can compose it using computers. If you go one step further then you don't have to see something. You can imagine, you can describe it properly and you can see it in terms of multimedia systems. That is extremely important. People come and go. They imagine a lot of things during their life time and there is no way that they can leave for other people what they have imagined. I would have loved to see some of the things that some of the famous or perhaps not so famous people have imagined. I would have liked to see what one of these artists who painted one of these paintings in this Groer Saal had imagined. I think our technology will give you that capability. In your life time, not only you will see it, but you will probably use it. Thank you." Prof. Peter Widmayer, President of the Jury "Welcome everybody to this olympiad! As president of the jury, I am responsible for the jury to operate correctly. I will make sure that your work is properly appreciated, that the evaluation of your work is just and fair. The rules for this evaluation come from many years of experience of international and national committees and individuals; I can assure you that they have proven to be good rules. Before getting to the evaluation of your work, let me first briefly describe to you what your work consists of, that is, how you should perform your task. This olympiad deals with algorithmic problems that you should be solving in the next few days. To do so, each of you has a problem that is not exactly algorithmic, but similar, namely to win a medal (gold if possible). Naturally, there is no problem if you do not win a gold medal, since the main thing is to participate in this competition. Let me tell you anyway how to win a gold medal, just in case you want to try. Problem: How to get a medal (gold if possible) in this olympiad ? Let me extract the part of the solution that can be described algorithmically; for most of you, this must look very simple: Solution: program olympiad 1992; begin solve problem 1; solve problem 2; if you are clever and lucky then get medal else don't worry, be happy end. As in every programming task, the question is now to refine that program and specify the subtasks in more detail. I will - again algorithmically - describe how to solve problem i, for i from 1 to 2. Procedure solve problem (i: 1..2); begin get text of problem i and read it; if you have a question within 1/2 h then ask; repeat think until a good idea comes to mind or timeout; develop an algorithm; write a program and debug it; describe the solution; wait for the coordinator end; You will get the problem text in the morning of the day in which you have to solve the problem; the first problem text will be given to you at 10:00 h on Wednesday, the second problem text at 10:00 h on Friday. Like in many algorithms and programs, this problem solving procedure contains one main loop that consumes most of the computation time: You think. You think and you think and you think, and since the timeout is only after five hours, you will probably exit the loop by having some good idea. So, wishful thinking, let's assume some good idea comes to your mind rather quickly. What do you do next? You think through the idea once again, you describe it, you write it down on paper, and you try to find an algorithm accordingly; this is the essence of the whole story. As soon as you are convinced that this is the way to go, you write a program, you type it into the computer, you run it, and you debug it. And then you will probably just have to sit there and wait for the remaining few hours, until it is 15:00 h and somebody comes and picks up your solution. Precisely at 15:00 h, you are required to switch off the computer. That's important. If you don't obey this rule, you will be disqualified. Some time after 15:00 h, somebody (we call him a coordinator) will come and ask you to deliver a floppydisk, with your program on it, and a paper description of your solution. Your team leader will be with the coordinator in picking up your solution. Those two people will run your program on the spot, while you are there. So, if anything needs to be asked, they can ask you directly - things like what should I type here, why is this dialogue so strange?". You will be there and you can inform them whenever they have difficulties with your program. Then they go away, and you go away. For you, the day's work is done, but for those coordinators, the work goes on. Who are these people, by the way? They are computer scientists, from Germany mainly, scientists involved in algorithms, in programming, and with lots of contacts with people that also program. They have seen beforehand the algorithmic problem that you solved in the competition, and they have studied it in depth. They will be able to look at your solution and see immediately what you have done. Nevertheless, to be as efficient as possible, in a first step the coordinators will go through your solution very quickly and judge it mainly in terms of what your program produces for a large set of test data. They will run your program with a large set of test data, and they will write a protocol of what comes out. If your team leader and your coordinator agree in this first step on the quality of your program - let's say, your program is perfect in all aspects, for example - then there will not be any discussion on your program any more. In general, you will receive some percentage of the full share of points for specified subproblems that you solved; for instance, for reading the problem text, you might get 25 % of all points, and for waiting for the coordinator you might get 1 % of the points, just to give an example. Nevertheless, there may be cases where your team leader and your coordinator do not agree on the sum of these percentage points for your program. They may have different opinions on how your program performed. In that case, in order to make the evaluation really just and fair, there will be a second round of evaluation. A number of additional experts will look in detail at your program, as well as your team leader and your coordinator. They will try to find out the ideas that are in your program, to get hold of what is in the program, but cannot be deduced from the output necessarily. And I firmly believe that this group of experts will reach a conclusion in almost all cases. If they still don't agree, they will ask the Chief Coordinator, and if this larger group of people still does not agree, then there is the jury. The jury needs to decide on these doubtful cases. As president of the jury, my responsibility is to guarantee absolutely that the jury takes the correct decision in these cases. Of course, I can never even get close to such a guarantee, but I promise you that I will do my best to make sure that the jury arrives at a correct decision. If anything goes wrong, if you feel the things are not as they should be, you should come to me and hold me responsible, shout at me and ask me what has happened. In 99 % of the cases, I'm afraid, I won't be able to respond. But I will be happy if there is a case in which I can respond, and then I will. I think these are the main rules that you need to observe. Your team leaders will inform you once again about them in great detail. All the team leaders are members of the jury, and all the deputy team leaders, even though they are not members of the jury, are invited to come to all jury meetings to advice the team leaders. The first jury meeting will be held today in this room at 16:00 h. This first meeting is for the jury to discuss and agree on the regulations again in detail. Then you have the full Tuesday to inquire the team leaders about all things that have been discussed. On Wednesday, you will enter the first round of the competition, for which I wish you all the success in getting a gold medal. Thank you." Dr. Peter Heyderhoff, Managing Director IOI'92 "Dear Participants of this Olympiad. The Fourth International Olympiad in Informatics has just been opened, the official signal for starting the "games" has been given and you have been informed of the rules for the competition. At this point the competition days on Wednesday and Friday are probably your main concern. Taking this into account when planning the program, we kept the first two days of the week free for other activities. Anyone with the experience of an intercontinantal flight knows what it is like to cope with the time lag: Many of you will feel the typical fatigue due to the time diffenrence between here and your home country. Many new impressions of Germany as a foreign country to you will add to this. We know that it takes some time to adjust. We hope that our program, which everybody should carry around at all times for quick reference, will help you to enjoy your stay in Germany. Let us take a look for a few comments. On the first day of the olympiad and right after this assembly we shall have a buffet lunch here in the castle hall. Actually I should use the German word "Schlo" for castle because some British friends have told me that this building of the turn of the century should be referred to as a Manor House and not as a castle. Since we call it a "Schlo" I like the word castle better. In the afternoon you will be invited by the Gesellschaft fr Mathematik und Datenverarbeitung (GMD) -The German National Research Centre for Informatics and Information Technology -to have a look at some parts of its scientific work. Thanks to special preparations by my colleagues here at GMD there will be eight scientific and technological exhibits. Three lectures accompanying the presentations will be held in the Red Chamber, the room adjacent to this hall where some of the audience are presently watching us on a television screen because we could not fit everybody in here. We have prepared a list of eight GMD presentations which you can pick up in the lobby as you leave the castle. The GMD presentations which comprise the following: -solving differential equations by computer algebra -parallel genetic algorithms -system adaptivity and auto-adaption -integrated machine learning -multimedia integrated publishing -IBM's supercomputer scientific network -performance measurement in distributed systems -virtual reality and interactiv phys. simulation. The German telecommunications company is present with a special exhibit of its own. Tonight at six o'clock dinner will be served in the GMD restaurant facing the castle 300 meters down the park. At seven o clock we shall be back here in the castle for a party with dixieland music and barrels of draft beer. Tomorrow we shall go by bus to the city of Dsseldorf which is the capital of the state of North Rhine Westphalia the biggest of 16 states that make up the Federal Republic of Germany. We shall visit the seat of parliament and the city. Please note that we are offering sports in the evening. Not only on Tuesday evening but four more times. Three sports teachers will be in charge of this. Ball games and gymnastics with music are on the program. You are invited to participate and to make personal suggestions to the program. On Wednesday, the first competition day you will concentrate fully on your work. A German television team has announced that it would like to shoot some scenes. I hope you will allow this. We will make sure that there will be no annoying disturbances during the contest. From many foreign friends we know that a visit to Germany should include a visit to Heidelberg which is ao well known for its charm as an old university city, for its romantic period in philosophy, for its training of students from all over the world, many of whom became famous as scholars, scientists or politicians. The publishing house Springer Verlag -known for its scientific publications -is sponsoring your day in Heidelberg and you will be given a lecture on hypermedia techniques. Visual presentations will make this attractive and easy to understand. We will go to Heidelberg by airconditioned bus. It is a three hour ride. In the evening we plan to be back home in time so that you will be able to get a good rest for the second part of the competition on Friday. Friday night we are offering a babecue grill in the Gustav-Stresemann-House -providing the wheather will permit this. On Saturday we will go on another bus trip to Cologne - only half an hour away from Bonn. You will be taken on a guided tour in the famous cathedral of Cologne. There will be tour guides in five languages. For the afternoon we have scheduled a visit to a small Hollywood world -the studios of Germany's biggest television station -WDR. The Saturday excursions as well as the trip to Dsseldorf on Tuesday have been sponsored by the state government of North Rhine Westphalia. On Sunday morning you can either attend religious services or go on a guided sight-seeing tour in Bonn where you will visit Beethoven's birth house. In the afternoon you can either do what you please or join us for a hike in the seven mountains near the Rhine with a visit of Adenauer's house. Adenauer was the first chancellor of the Federal Republic of Germany. We shall go back to Bonn by boat. You may enjoy the evening in the city or may walk directly back to the hotel. On Monday, the last day of the olympiad, we shall have a prize awarding ceremony here in this hall. Professor Rainer Ortleb, the Minister of Education and Science of the Federal Republic of Germany, and Hans Schwier, the Minister of Education, Culture and Sports of North Rhine Westphalia, will be present and will speak to you. We are very glad that our international informatics contest is getting so much attention and that such high ranking personallities will honour our competition with their presence. From my point of view as Managing Director I should like to add the following observations: Our competition has won the special attention of political leaders in education and science as well as of some leaders in business. Consequently it has been funded by the Federal Minister of Education and Science with the support of the Ministers of Cultural Affairs in the Lnder. This entailed that quite a few expert activities on the part of government institutions were involved -from the federal to the community level we found friendly understanding and support in the course of our preparations. A considerable number of government experts in education were committed to make sure that our olympiad could get under way and be organized. But we received much support from private industry. Without the help of our two main sponsors we would not have been able to provide so many computers for the competition. We are very thankful for this and we owe special thanks to the helpful assistance of the two companies' personnel engaged in our preparations. We are also thankful for the generous support of many sponsors. Their names can be found in a list at the end of our program brochure, and an updated list will be prepared for the press. Let me add a final remark to the organisational part of the competition. There was a lot of cooperation and moral support from my dear colleagues in 55 countries world wide. With many of you we had very practical and direct correspondence per electronic mail. The set of sample problems and the provisionary regulations we had prepared went around the globe in seconds. On the other end of the line my colleagues from abroad did their bit. I know of quite a few struggles you had in order to get the participation of your national team through: solving funding and all kinds of organisational problems. In many cases where we had no e-mail contact our correspondence went the classic way and per fax machine. I thank you all, my dear colleagues, for your great efforts and for the trouble you and the informatics friends in your countries have taken to enable your students and you to come here to Germany. You and your teams have all contributed very much to making this event the biggest in the short history of our olympiad. In our understanding of the purpose of all organising efforts before and during the olympiad the following all stands out: Let us work in the right spirit for bringing ever more highly talented young people, teachers and experts in informatics together so that we can exchange views, learn from each other and become friends. If it is true that informatics is a key science -and we do not doubt this -then we have the key for making the exchange of information world wide ever more an instrument of true communication and friendship. Our expertise in computer programming and computer science shall put us on the active side of peacemakers in this world. Also on behalf of the whole organizing crew of this informatics olympiad I wish you a very successful, enjoyable and memorable olympic week." Press Conference Just before the beginning of the opening ceremony on 13 July 1992 at 10.00 h an international press conference was held at Schloss Birlinghoven. It was prepared by the IOI's public relations expert Mr. G. Hartmut Altenmller. Television and broadcasting corporations as well as newspapers attended and reported about the start of the IOI'92 and the opening ceremony. Meetings of the International Jury According to the regulations of this olympiad, the international jury met during the olympic week to decide on a number of topics. In its first meeting, the jury elected the team leader from Argentina, Alicia Banuelos, as its vice president. It elected the team leaders from Turkey and Argentina to be the coordinators for the German participants. It confirmed the general spirit and the details of the rules and regulations. This included a confirmation of the way to isolate the jury meetings in which the programming problems had to be selected on the competition days, as well as the procedure and the schedule for collecting the students' solutions in the afternoon of the competition days. The jury confirmed the admission regulations for students, and it decided to enforce the regulations by checking students passports for their age. On the competition days, Wednesday and Friday, the jury met from 6:00 h to 11:00 h, in order to select one out of three possible programming problems for each of those two days. This decision was supported by the Chief Coordinator's presentation of ways to solve the problems, including example programs. It took the jury from one to two hours to reach its decision. After the decision, each team leader and deputy team leader translated the problem formulation into the mother tongue of the home country. After the beginning of the competition, from 10:00 h onwards, the jury was available for another hour in order to respond to questions posed by the participants. In the final meeting, the jury agreed on how to award medals to participants. A number of other points of general interest were discussed in the jury meetings and were given as recommendations to the International Committee. All these recommendations were discussed and adopted in the International Committee. They are reflected in chapter 2 of this report. In particular the jury made suggestions on -the composition of the International Committee, -the sequence of countries to host the IOI for the years through 1996, -some minor regulation changes, -the participation of women in future IOIs, -the establishment of an electronic discussion list for future IOIs. Meetings of the Coordinating Committee At July 3rd, 1992, the Coordinating Committee had a preparational meeting at GMD, Sankt Augustin. Fritz Krckeberg welcomed the committee as chairman of the National Committee. Peter Heyderhoff, Managing Director of the IOI'92, answered all questions of general and organisational types. Chief Coordinator Hans-Werner Hein introduced to the planned contest day schedules, the contest task structure, and the evaluation strategy. The following discussion established valuable feedback for the Scientific Committee. The spare time of that meeting was spent on the topics of software installation principles, the contest programming languages, MS-DOS, and the computer systems hardware. At the two contest days the Coordinating Committee gathered at 13:00 for a plenary meeting. The task chosen in the morning by the Jury was introduced and discussed, the scoring and evaluation procedure called to mind. The first evaluation phase then started after 15:00. Later on that days the Coordinating Committee met again to exchange experiences, file and sort the intermediate results, and prepare for the second evaluation phase (which started late in the same evening). The Competition Days All delegation leaders and deputy leaders (called the jury) gathered together at 6:00 am on the Wednesday morning to begin the careful selection of the first contest problem. Each team leader had already submitted two problems for possible use in the contest. These problems had been examined by the Scientific Committee made up of computer science professionals from the host country. They tested the problems and selected two sets of three problems each - one set for each of the two contest days. After reading the three problems and discussing their merits, the jury selected by vote the first problem of the competition. English was the official language of the competition. However, each student had to be able to read the problem in his/her native language. So, once the problem was selected, the team leaders and deputy team leaders from non-English speaking countries began translating the problem. There were approximately 35 different native languages represented. Everything stayed on schedule, and by 10:00 am the contest was ready to begin. Each participant had his/her own computer supplied by IBM or Siemens, with Turbo Pascal, Turbo C, QuickBasic, and Logo already installed. Nearly 200 identical systems were spread out in six different rooms. Now, each student had exactly five hours to solve the first problem. During the first half hour a participant could ask the jury in writing about the text of the problem. Only questions that could be answered with "Yes"/"No" or "No comment" were accepted. The answers were given as soon as possible. On the first competition day five technical problems with computers appeared, four of them necessitating a student's shift to a spare computer system. Each shift required less than 10 minutes. According to Murphy's law two of the shifts happened to the same student, but fortunately she took it very professional. All concerned students received a 10 minute time bonus per shift for compensation. No relevant software losses were reported. At precisely 3:00 pm all computers were turned off, and students handed in diskettes at the door containing copies of their programs. The contestants filed out of the rooms with looks of amusement, amazement, bewilderment, pain, and relief. Each student had an appointed time to return with his/her team leader and they would meet with a coordinator supplied by Germany at this time to evaluate the students solution and award points. Each coordinator had a score sheet and a disk of files to run against the program. On this first review the source code was not examined - only the output of the program. Points were awarded for a list of eight items, including: does it display input data properly? does it write the solution to the output file? does it construct all possible solutions? were the technical constraints completely obeyed? A perfect score was 100. During this checking, all required tests had be run and a written report was signed by each coordinator and the team leader. Each participant's program was copied on two diskettes and the corresponding description, if any, was collected. The coordinator and the team leader each kept one copy of the diskettes. Printouts were produced by the coordinator and then given to the team leader. So the team leader and the coordinator together examined each solution and agreed on a preliminary evaluation. By moderating the solution in the Coordinating Committee a just and balanced evaluation was achieved. It took several hours to examine all 170 programs, signaling the end of the first day of the competition. The jury, which was the final arbiter in all disputes over scoring, met late into the evening to review the results and handle any complaints. There was one misinterpretation by several students on how to handle input data that was out of bounds. The Scientific Committee agreed to change their initial position on this point, since what the students had done in this case was what many of us would also have done. This demonstrates that even as carefully reviewed as this problem had been, it is difficult to state a problem that is completely free of ambiguity. In the second evaluation phase all cases in which evaluators and team leaders disagreed, were analysed by "looking to the code". The team leader played the role of trying to prove that the solution was fully or partially ok, the evaluator played the questioner role. The team leader's ability to discuss the problem with their student, and read and understand that single program carefully in advance was used efficiently for a fair evaluation. So very few cases remained to be decided by the Chief Coordinator in a third evaluation step. After the second step of the first competition day the team leaders received the evaluation results together with the following letter: Dear Teamleader and Member of the Jury: With this note you receive the results of the IOI'92 after the second evaluation phase. Though the first evaluation phase was somewhat formal and "quick and dirty", it resulted in very valuable written information (independent from the coordinators personalities) about: program parts that obviously were correct, and teamleader's opinions to some necessarily ambigious parts of the natural language task text. Last night and today we executed the second evaluation phase: *Detailed analysis of about 40 failing but promising looking programs (sometimes including debugging and special tests), *Revision of those credits which refer to ambigious task text parts. This was done according to a sort of "common sense" in the teamleaders written comments and credit claims. The results for your team you have now in hand and the Coordinating Committee of the IOI'92 hopes that you will agree with its proposal. So far we thank you very much for cooperation, helpful critique and comments. In case you still disagree, please contact me personally as soon as possible, so we can finish the evaluation together. Very sincerely yours Hans-Werner Hein. The same procedure was followed on the second day of competition. Finally the Chief Coordinator presented the results in form of an anonymized sorted list to the Jury, who made the final decision. The jury determined the minimum scores for the first, second and third prizes. The number of winners of these prizes was in the proportion 1:2:3 and half of the participants received prizes. Cultural Activities On the occasion of the IOI'92, around 300 foreign guests from all over the world came to Bonn for a two day competition in computer programming. Half the number of guests were teenage students. All guests had been invited to stay in Germany for about ten days. The organizers asked themselves what kind of cultural activities outside the two competition days would contribute best to promote understanding and friendship and make the stay enjoyable and memorable. They believed that a balanced program of trips and visits to some sites of cultural value together with parties and sporting opportunities would be just right. In the following review of the program of cultural activites some aspects are presented which may give some additional insights. The three main sponsors offered their own contributions to the cultural program: The ministry of education of North Rhine Westphalia with a visit to Dsseldorf and Cologne; the publishing firm Springer-Verlag with a visit to Heidelberg; and the city of Bonn with a free boat ride on the river Rhine and a tour of the city. There were opening and closing ceremonies which framed the other events of the week. Both ceremonies were held in the great hall of Schlo Birlinghoven -actually a Manor House from the turn of the century, built in imitation of an 18th or 17th century style castle -on the site of the GMD in Sankt Augustin. At each ceremony a concert of classical music could be enjoyed thanks to a quartet and a quintet of young musicians who had been prize winners in Germany's national music competition. The first day began with a reception by the city of Bonn in the historic Mayor's House. One of the city's mayors welcomed the group, and drinks were provided. Leaving the building, many participants had their group picture taken on the large staircase facing the market place, a view which is also quite popular with foreign heads of governments when visiting Bonn. After the opening ceremony with some speeches documented in this brochure, the GMD offered eight scientific and technological exhibits and lectures in the afternoon. One telecommunication show was in cooperation with the German Telekom Company. (For details refer to Dr. Heyderhoff's speech on page 28.) In the evening a party was held in the castle and on its terrace with live dixieland music and draft beer. On the second day there was a trip to Dsseldorf, the capital of the state of North Rhine Westphalia. Upon arrival in Dsseldorf, tourist guides boarded the six buses to take the participants on a sight seeing tour. After visiting the new Parliament building, where North Rhine Westphalia's minister of education, Hans Schwier, welcomed the group, four options were offered for the afternoon: visit of the aquarium, the picture gallery, the Goethe Museum or a walk in the famous shopping street Knigsallee. Unfortunately it was raining all day and the program had to be adjusted correspondingly. On Thursday the participants were taken by bus on a trip to Heidelberg where the publishing house Springer Verlag invited the group for a tour of the city which included the castle and the old university. After an excursion by boat on the river Neckar, professor Thalmann of the University of Geneva gave a lecture on hypermedia techniques in the house of Springer Verlag. During the whole day the weather was marvellous, and in spite of the first day of North Rhine Westphalia's school vacation the traffic flow on the autobahn was surprisingly smooth. The weekend began with a trip to Cologne. Twelve professional guides received the participants in front of the famous cathedral, which once made Cologne one of the most popular places of pilgrimage in the whole of Europe. The guides offered attractive small group tours in several languages: German, English, Spanish, French, Russian and Chinese. The visitors learned, among other historical details that this building was started in 1248 and that it was finished in 1880. With its 515 feet high towers it was at that time the highest structure in the world. Before the buses took the group to their afternoon activity, some time was given for a walk along Cologne's shopping street Hohe Strae, where a quite unusual spectacle of street artists happened to go by: a group of almost nude people in the appearance of prehistoric animal men chained together and led away by guards in uniform who locked them up in a cage in front of the cathedral. The performance was so convincing that quite a few IOI guests confused the play with reality and asked curious questions. The show left many onlookers puzzled and amazed at this kind of modern theatre art in Europe. The afternoon was spent in Bocklemnd where the group toured the television studios of Germany's biggest television station WDR. Among other things there were stunt shows, special effects and a live radio show with music and cabaret. On Sunday morning a group of participants went to the American church nearby. Guided tours of the city of Bonn were offered, but the majority of participants preferred to sleep in late, probably because of extensive private partying the previous night. From the organisational point of view it was unfortunate in having ten guides lined up for a group that could be handled by three. But the organizers were convinced that the municipal government of Bonn who provided the guides also finally understood that there were many youngsters who needed to rest and who just stayed in bed without giving anyone prior notice. The afternoon program, however, with several options was fully booked. The options were: a) Visit of the house of Dr. Adenauer, first chancellor of the Federal Republic of Germany; b) a hike in the Seven Hills and climbing the Dragon's Rock at Knigswinter; c) a boat ride on the river Rhine from Knigswinter to Bonn. The last day of the IOI'92, the prize awarding ceremony took place at Schlo Birlinghoven. Speeches were given by Prof. Ortleb, Federal Minister of Education, and by Mr. H. Schwier, Minister of Education of North Rhine Westphalia. Many representatives of various government or private institutions and of several embassies were present. In the evening of the same day the IOI'92 came to its end with a big farewell party in the Gustav Stresemann Institute. It was a beautiful warm evening after one of the hottest summer days of the year. A band was playing and there was dancing until late in the night. A professional magician from St. Petersburg presented two shows of his best and most entertaining tricks, and with free drinks and snacks everybody could enjoy a wonderful summer night garden party. Prize Giving Ceremony Closing Ceremony on Monday, 20th July 1992 10.45h Opening Concert L.van Beethoven String Quartet in B flat (1770-1827) op.18 Nr.6 Allegro con brio 11.ooh Prof. Dennis Tsichritzis Chairman of the Board of Directors of GMD Prof. Rainer Ortleb Federal Minister of Education and Science Hans Schwier Minister of Education, Culture and Sports, North Rhine-Westphalia Prof. Fritz Krckeberg Chairman of the National Committee of the International Olympiad in Informatics 1992 12.ooh Interlude: L.van Beethoven String Quartet B flat (1770-1827) op.18 Nr.6 La Malinconia Adagio Allegretto quasi Allegro Prize-Giving Prof. Peter Widmayer President of the Jury Dr. Peter Heyderhoff Managing Director of IOI'92 and President of the International Olympic Committee Invitation to the IOI'93 in Argentina Dr. Alicia Banuelos Delegation Leader of Argentina 13.ooh Buffet-Lunch on the Terrace 13.3oh Reception for Guests of Honour, Delegation Leaders and their Deputies by Sponsoring Firms, in the Red Chamber (The Music was performed by winners of the German National Competition of "Jugend musiziert" (Youth music festival)) Young musicians from Saarbrcken: Vivica Schmitt (Violin), Julia Falkenstein (Violin), Daniel Schmitt (Viola), Sabine Heimrich (Violoncello). The prize awarding ceremony was an attractive event of great public interest, so that the two large halls of Schloss Birlinghoven (GMD) were filled by all the participants, numerous guests, including many representatives of foreign embassies, of the ministries of the Lnder and the federal government and representatives of the sponsors, press, television and broadcasting companies. Closing Speeches Prof. Dennis Tsichritzis, Director of GMD "After a week, hallo again and welcome! As your host I apologize that it is hot inside and a very nice day outside, but for lunch we will again be sitting outside, so I will not apologize. Last time I talked about technology and more specifically about information technology. Today I thought I will not talk about technology. I will talk about people and prizes. Regarding the gold, the silver and the bronze prizes, other speakers will talk about them. I will talk about the people that don't get prizes. I will start with a very short personal story. When I was about your age, perhaps a little bit older, I was a student at a Technical University, and I was a good student. I was working very hard to understand everything about mechanics since I was an engineer. I also understood everything that there was to understand about cars. As a young man I had to go and pass my driving test. I tried the test, I did not succeed. That was a shock. How come I could understand everything about cars, I was a reasonably intelligent person, and I still failed a very simple test? I then learned something which is extremely important that stayed with me for the rest of my life. Being first is very important, being second is also very important, but failing to be first or second and still stay in the game is even more important. So my advice to you is: It doesn't matter that this time you didn't get a prize. The fact that you are here means already that you were chosen among many students. At some point in your life you will miss some prize. That's not important. Just stay in the game! You never know, next time you may actually win. Thank you very much." Prof. Rainer Ortleb, Bundesminister fr Bildung und Wissenschaft "Competitors, prize-winners, Prof. Tsichritzis, Minister of Education and Cultural Affairs Schwier, Excellencies, Ladies and Gentlemen, It'a a very great honour for me to be able to welcome you here at Schloss Birlinghoven on the occasion of the closing ceremony and the presentation of prizes awarded in the 4th International Olympiad in Informatics 1992 in Bonn. I am very glad that the Federal Republic of Germany was able to host this worldwide competition for pupils. We have all seen the rather neat abbreviation "IOI'92", we shall also remember your identification buttons (name tag with IOI symbol; entitled bearer to free rides on buses and subways), which I am sure you know better how to use than I do. 170 students from 46 countries and their accompanying persons have come to Germany for the 4th IOI'92. Also here are numerous oberservers and foreign guests from yet other states, so that we can in fact welcome here representatives of a total of 51 states from all around the world. The rapid increase in the number of participating teams since the first IOI demonstrate the growing interest which this International Olympiad attracts. Interest which means that the Olympiad has won for itself a firm place among international competitions for pupils. It is a sign of hope to me to see that there are girls here among you today, even if there are only just a few. We take great pains in this country to try to make work with computers attractive for girls. A project along these lines is currently being undertaken by one of the girls' grammar schools here in Bonn. And we hope that our efforts to make the natural sciences more attractive for girls will mean that, in future, we shall see girls in our own team. My thanks and recognition go to all of you who are participating in the competition. The fact that you have been able to participate on behalf of your country deserves special recognition and shows that you are among the best in your country in this ever more important area of the practical sciences. If I may perhaps adapt a saying from Normandy, it is not short-term effects, such as coincidence and luck, which have led to your success here today but hard work and conscientiousness. I should like to congratulate the prize winners on their success. A success born of much hard work. Those of you who have won prizes here are among the best in your age group internationally. But even if you did not win a prize yourself and very often the difference between those who win a prize yourself - and very often the difference between those who win prizes and those who do not is marginal -, the fact that you have taken part in this international competition earns your special recognition. You have all demonstrated what excellent results can be produced by young people when they are faced with a challenge. The contacts and friends which you have made here are an additional gain for you all. I should particularly like to thank all those who helped to promote the competition. First of all, I should like to mention the members of jury. They had an extremely difficult task, which they performed extremely well in the short time available to them. I should also like to thank the accompanying persons, who supported and motivated their charges in many difficult situations. Furthermore I should like to thank all those who were responsible for the organization of the competition, including its long-standing preparation, and also all those who have contributed to its success and continue to do so until the last guests leave tomorrow. My particular thanks are due to Land North-Rhine Westphalia, to the Gesellschaft fr Mathematik und Datenverarbeitung (GMD), and of course, to the Bundeswettbewerb Informatik, which is responsible for the organisation of the competition per se. My particular thanks also go to the sponsors who made available the computers required for the competition and who also contributed to the framework programme. You, the participants, have in your own countries proved your skill in the selection procedures carried out on a national level. In many countries the selection procedure begins with several thousand participants. Here in Germany, too, we have our own national selection procedure, organized by the Bundeswettbewerb Informatik, which has been in existence since 1980 and last year admitted 3000 participants to its first round. Our German team for this Olympiad was selected from those participants who reached the final round of that procedure. One thing which all selection procedures have in common is that they are suitable for identifying talented individuals and for giving those individuals encouragement. In our country, therefore, the selection procedures for the Olympiads in Informatics, Mathematics, Chemistry and Physics as well as our national competition in the natural sciences and the modern languages represent an important part of the necessary process of encouraging talented individuals. Today, at this awards' ceremony, I can see very clearly that the notion of encouraging talented individuals is recognized worldwide and that these people are no longer left to their own devices. In the light of the great task confronting us, we need people with talents in new areas. Whenever young people compete on the basis of their work, as tey did at the IOI'92 here in Bonn, where we were seeing the best young computer experts from many countries, we can be expect that they have been encouraged to go on producing even better results than before. I hope very much that the international atmosphere which these young people experenced here will contribute to international cooperation in the sciences later on. I hope that the new friends you have made here, or the old contacts you already had with friends from other countries, will be contacts which you take home with you and develop. In this respect, this International Olympiad in Informatics is also an important step towards solving many problems. Increases in the populations of many countries where space is limited, or worries about the preservation of the environment, confront us with very great tasks which need to be solved by employing all our assets, and this means we need to have gifted people in new areas, particularly in the natural sciences. This is a subject of great importance. So, I hope, and wish all of you, that the spirit of this competition may be with us and nourish and inspire us for a long time to come and that the International Olympiad in Informatics will continue to develop successfully. I hope very much that you have enjoyed your stay here in Bonn, that the friends you have made here will be friendships which you maintain in the years to come and that you will remember your time here with pleasure. I am very pleased to be able to present you with a t-shirt as a souvenir of Bonn and of the 4th International Olympiad in Informatics. Once again I should like to thank all of you who participated and all those who contributed to the success of this competition. Thank you very much." Hans Schwier, Kultusminister Nordrhein-Westfalen "Ladies and Gentlemen, participants of the International Olympiad in Informatics, Mr. Ortleb, The promotion of competitions for school children and students across the range of subjects is one of the most pleasant duties in the life of a Minister of Educational & Cultural Affairs. For this reason I was very pleased to be able to accept the offer of the sponsor of the Olympiad that the State of North-Rhine-Westphalia should host the competition. I am very pleased to be able to welcome you here today not just on behalf of the State Government of the host state North-Rhine-Westphalia but also on behalf of the conference of Ministers of Education & Culture of the 16 German constitutional states. We all had to get accustomed to the rapid speed with which computer technology has been developed since the construction of the world's first fully automatic program controlled and freely programmable computer, the legendary Zuse Z2 in 1941. The Olympiads in Informatics are quite capable of keeping pace with these developments. The doubling in the number of participating states by contrast with the olympiad last year is convincing proof of the extraordinary interest which young people show in solving problems with the means available through informatics. Therefore the Olympiad in Informatics is like a shooting star amongst the other international olympiads in the areas of mathematics, natural sciences and technology. In a very impressive way these developments indicate the importance which the Ministries of Education and Cultural Affairs in countries across all continents show in informatics and computer technology as a key to future economic and technological developments. One of the prerequisits for holding national and international competitions for students is the fact that the reference subjects find their way into school curriculum. In this respect the State of North-Rhine-Westphalia, as all other states in the Federal Republic of Germany and most countries across all continents, has made great efforts to create preconditions to enable computer technology teaching to find its place in all our schools. But those prerequisits do not only include equipping schools with the necessary hardware and software we also need a new curriculum, new syllabuses, and teaching materials and in particular we have to train our teachers to be able to deal with this matter competently. For you, the participants of this 4th Olympiad in Informatics, no matter wether you are amongst the medal winners or not I hope that one of the most important objectives of the competition had been fulfilled: You have experienced the stimulating atmosphere for intellectual discussion with people who share the same interest as you and you have been able to make contacts and overcome linguistic or cultural barriers. On behalf of the president of the conference of Ministers of Education and Cultural Affairs of the German states I should like to thank all of you who have participated in the school teams who have led the delegations or have been active as members of the jury or the organisational team. By doing this work they have participated in the success of this olympiad. I should like to express my particular thanks to the girls of the Clara Schumann Girls' Grammar School in Bonn for the energetic and most charming help that they gave in looking after the competition delegations. For if you have really experienced the very stimulating and pleasant atmosphere of the IOI'92 I can assure you that this was not only created by the work of all those who organized this competition competently but also by the work of the young Ladies from the Clara Schumann Grammar School. I should like to congratulate the ones who won medals and I should like to express my hope that all of you have participated here today will retain pleasant memories of the host state of North-Rhine-Westphalia. Thank you very much." Prof. Fritz Krckeberg, Chairman of the National Committee "Dear students, team leaders and observers; Minister Ortleb, Minister Schwier and representatives of embassies, of the State and Federal Governments, of the university of Bonn, of the GMD and of the GI, of IFIP and UNESCO, of research, of science and industriy: ladies and gentlemen! The Fourth International Olympiad in Informatics is now ending with the presentation of awards. We hope very much that you, as participants from more than 50 nations, and as 45 Olympic teams have enjoyed your stay in Germany. We would be very happy if you have been able to make friends with each other and if you formed some impressions of our country, our culture and our people in Germany. Please be sure to visit our country again. And you, dear students, I hope that you will continue to develope your friendship with students in other countries. By means of such friendships between young people you may make a dream come true, the dream of a world united in cultural understanding and humanity, a world with a future, a world of peace. We would like to thank everybody who has contributed in making this olympiad a success." Prof. Peter Widmayer, President of the Jury "Dear participants, in the strict sense of the word and in any other interpretation of it! It is my great pleasure and my even greater honour to guide you through this prize awarding ceremony. I have been with you during the last week and I have been deeply impressed, not only by your enormous intellectual abilities, but also by your potential for friendship, for cooperation, for harmony, even in a situation in which individuals compete against each other. I have the same deep impression from the work that has been done by the jury, even though each team leader in the jury had to act on behalf of her or his own team. And even though there were conflicting opinions that have been discussed in the jury, there was no disharmony that could stay. Ever since my first participation in such a competition - in 1987 I was the leader of the German team at the International Open Competition on Programming in Sofia - I have felt that it is a wonderful experience from which durable friendships emerge. If I think that you people are the future leaders of the world, running this global operation, I look forward to this future very much. I agree perfectly with what Professor Tsichritzis said about having a medal or not having it. Evolutionary biologists says that thinking, intelligence, and playing games come from the same roots. Naturally, playing games has always had a low priority in life. Whenever there is danger or pressure or hunger, you stop playing games. This low priority may have carried over to thinking. It is a common phenomenon that, under pressure, people fail to deliver what could be expected from their intelligence or knowledge. For some of you, the intense competition at this olympiad may have had just that effect. But don't worry, be happy: by thinking about and actively working against this phenomenon, those of you who have not won a medal might succeed next time. (The prize awarding ceremony followed, in which medal winners were called to step forward.) Press Conference Just before the beginning of the prize awarding ceremony on 20 July 1992 at 10.00 h an international press conference was held at Schloss Birlinghoven by Mr. G. Hartmut Altenmller, the IOI's public relations expert. Many international and national journalists as well as television and broadcasting representatives attended this conference and the following prize awarding ceremony. Most of their reports were detailed. "Deutsche Welle" broadcast news of the IOI results worldwide. 1.11 Views and Echos View to Argentina (IOI'93) All participating countries of the IOI'92 looked forward to the next Olympiad IOI'93 in Argentina, and gave thanks to the representatives of Argentina, especially Alicia Banuelos and the government of Argentina for the cordial invitation to Mendoza and for the IOI'93 sponsorship. The International Olympiad in Informatics 1993 (IOI'93) will take place from 16th to 25th October 1993 in Mendoza, Argentina and many countries including Germany will participate. Echos from the world We have received large numbers of echos from all over the world. Especially the echo coming from the USA delegation was very detailed. Therefore we include it here as representative sample. Echo from USA by Prof. Don Piele, USA teamleader What a surprise to learn in November of 1991 that an international Olympiad in computer problem solving had been taking place in Europe for three years and that the United States had never participated! I became aware of the competition - the International Olympiad in Informatics (IOI) - from a colleague in South Africa. Later I learned that the idea for the IOI had grown out of the 24th session of the General Conference of UNESCO held in Paris in October, 1987. UNESCO had also been the driving force behind the International Olympiads in Mathematics and the Natural Sciences. My friend gave me the e-mail address of Dr. Peter Heyderhoff, who was the Managing Director of IOI'92, so I sent off a request for more information. Peter was delighted to see that the U.S. might be interested in participating, and he quickly e-mailed the information I requested. I learned that the IOI is an international programming competition for students up to age 19, and that only officially invited teams can participate. The host country sends out an official invitation to its foreign embassies around the world. This year Germany sent out 64 invitations, including one that went to the German Embassy in Washington, DC. Unfortunately, when I contacted the German Embassy, they had no idea what I was talking about. It took several phone calls to track down on whose desk the official invitation had landed. The invitation apparently went from the Embassy to the German Desk of the U.S. State Department and then over to the Department of Education, where it ended up in the hands of Dr. Steward Tinsman, Director of International and Territorial Affairs. He was not familiar with the computer Olympiad but did give me some advice on how to go about organizing an official U.S. team. By this time it was the end of January, and the deadline for entering a U.S. team was February 28th. Several tasks had to be done and quickly, so I turned to e-mail once again. I sent a request for support to Bonnie Marks, President, and Dave Moursund, Executive Officer of the International Society for Technology in Education (ISTE). They both agreed that ISTE would participate in the Olympiad and that I could put the team together using sources with which I was familiar. Since 1981, I had organized and conducted an International Computer Problem Solving Contest (ICPSC) at the University of Wisconsin-Parkside, which was written up each year in "The Computing Teacher", the primary publication of ISTE. Thus, I was familiar with high schools in the U.S. that had students who had been winners in the ICPSC. That is where I began looking for the team of four students. This year there would be no time to conduct a nationwide runoff contest to pick the members of the first U.S. team. I had to rely on the assistance of local ICPSC contest directors and of others involved with national computer programming contests to recommend their best prospects. I was also able to contact many former winners of ICPSC directly via e-mail. Those who were seriously interested and could make the trip to Bonn from July 10th -July 21st were asked to send me their rsums. Again, e-mail speeded up this process, and soon I had five good prospects. Two factors weighed heavily in the selection of the U.S. IOI team. First, time was very short, which made it impossible to give all students in the U.S. an equal chance at making the team. Second, there was a quick response from one area of the U.S. (North Carolina and Virginia) that had an abundant supply of former ICPSC champions. Barbara Larson at Thomas Jefferson School of Science and Technology, in Alexandria, Virginia e-mailed me a list of her best prospects, as did Patsy Hester at Enloe High School in Raleigh, NC, and Harold Reiter at the University of North Carolina in Charlotte. Other names were suggested, but in the end three of the IOI members selected came from North Carolina and one from Virginia. This made it practical for them to get together for one practice session in May. Harold Reiter invited the team to stay at his home, and they used computers at a nearby company for a two day training session. All team expenses for IOI'92 while in Germany would be paid for by the German government. Getting there, however, would not, and, it turned out, finding support for the air fare costs (~ $3,000) was not as easy as I had expected. Contacts at NSF and the Department of Education suggested that our best bet was not with them but with private companies, so I sent out requests for support to two well know software firms. I was sure that they would jump at the chance to pick up the air fare in exchange for being recognized as the sponsor of the first U.S. team to the International Olympiad in Informatics. We were even willing to wear T-Shirts with their company logo on the front. We waited patiently for a reply. One firm never gave us one even after repeated reminders and many promises that a decision was close at hand. The other said, "We get all kinds of good proposals asking for support and we can't fund them all. Sorry." Harold Reiter was able to get American Airlines to give the team a reduced fare, and we ended up paying for the tickets ourselves. But given the tremendous opportunity to participate in this event, the cost to each ($500) was well worth it. On July 10th, 1992, David Datta, the deputy team leader from Kenosha, Wisconsin, and I met three of the team members for the first time in person at the departure gate in Chicago's O'Hare as we headed for Germany. It wasn't hard to spot two of them, as both Rusty and Mike are well over 6 feet tall, and even sitting down they tower over the pack. Russell Hunt and Mike Prior had just graduated from Enloe High School in Raleigh, NC and are headed for MIT in the Fall. Nathan Bronson, the third team member, was from Parkwood HS in Monroe, NC, had won the ICPSC Senior "C" Division in April, and will go to Duke University. Shawn Smith from Oakton, Virginia, our final team member and a freshman at Rice University, had already flown to Czechoslovakia with his family and would be meeting up with us in Bonn. I'm sure none of us had any idea of the amount of planning and preparation that had gone into the International Olympiad. We got our first hint of the Germans' attention to detail when we arrived at the train station in Bonn after a two-hour trip from the airport in Frankfurt. Two young high school girls with pink scarves and waving IOI'92 posters greeted us and escorted us onto the subway and off to the Gustav-Stresemann Institute where we would be staying for the next ten, activity packed, days. We were each given a ten day pass to the subway system in Bonn, a telephone card for free phone calls, an attractive green and purple IOI'92 backpack, the keys to our rooms and 50DM (Deutsch Marks) for spending money. We had arrived on Saturday, and it would be four days before the first day of the competition. In the meantime the daily schedule of activities began on Monday with a reception hosted by the Mayor of Bonn, opening ceremonies at the Castle Birlinghoven, lunch on the terrace, a tour of the German National Research Center for Mathematics and Computer Science, followed by an evening party with Dixieland music. With 51 countries participating and six people in each delegation, roughly 300 people were being hosted at these events. Nevertheless, all the events were carried off with German efficiency and style. Tuesday was another full day, with a reception hosted by the Minister of Education and Culture at the Parliament building in Dusseldorf, followed by a visit to a local art museum. By Wednesday, everyone was ready for the first day of competition. All delegation leaders and deputy leaders (called the jury) gathered together at 6:00 am Wednesday morning to begin the careful selection of the first contest problem. Each team leader had already submitted two problems for possible use in the contest --all problems being algorithmic. These problems were examined by the Scientific Committee made up of computer science professionals from the host country. They tested the problems and selected two sets of three problems each - one set for each of the two contest days. After reading the three problems and discussing their merits, the jury selected by vote the first problem of the competition. English was the official language of the competition. However, each student had to be able to read the problem in his/her native language. So, once the problem was selected, the team leaders and deputy team leaders from non-English countries began translating the problem. I estimate that there were approximately 35 different native languages represented. Everything stayed on schedule, and by 10:00 am the contest was ready to begin. Each participant had his/her own computer supplied by IBM or Siemans, with Turbo Pascal, Turbo C, QuickBasic, and Logo already installed. Nearly 200 identical systems were spread out in six different rooms. Now, each student had exactly five hours to solve the first problem. At precisely 3:00 pm all computers were turned off, and students handed in a disk at the door containing a copy of their program. The contestants filed out of the rooms with looks of amusement, amazement, bewilderment, pain, and relief. Each student had an appointed time to return with his/her team leader and they would meet with a coordinator supplied by Germany at this time to evaluate the students solution and award points. Nate Bronson was first up for the United States. Each coordinator had a score sheet and a disk of files to run against the program. The source code was not examined - only the output of the program. Points were awarded for a list of eight items, including: does it display input data properly; does it write the solution to the output file; does it construct all possible solutions; were the technical constraints completely obeyed? A perfect score was 100. Nate's program was perfect. It took several hours to examine all 170 programs, signaling the end of the first day of competition. Mike and Rusty each received 85 points and Shawn a perfect 100. The jury, which was the final arbiter in all disputes over scoring, met late into the evening to review the results and handle any complaints. There was one misinterpretation by several students on how to handle input data that was out of bounds. The Scientific Committee agreed to change their initial position on this point, since what the students had done in this case was what many of us would also have done. This demonstrates that even as carefully reviewed as this problem had been, it is difficult to state a problem that is completely free of ambiguity. The next day began with a three hour bus ride to Heidelberg followed by a guided tour of the Heidelberg Castle, the romantic city, and old university. Lunch was served on a boat trip on the way down the Neckar river to the town of Neckarstein. From there we boarded busses for a short trip to a computer graphics demonstration at the publishing house of Springer-Verlag. Friday, the second and last competition day, was a repeat of Wednesday with one exception; the three problems we had to choose from were more difficult. Since many students had scored 100 points in the first round, we wanted to make sure the task was sufficiently tough to separate out the very best. We chose the most difficult one, and it turned out to be about right. There were two more activity filled days, including a tour of Cologne's famous cathedral, a walk to Beethoven's house in Bonn, a visit to WDR Germany's biggest TV-studio, and a walk in the Seven Mountains followed by a boat ride down the Rhine from Knigswinter to Bonn. The students relaxed during these trips and began to mix. The Asian teams still tended to keep together but I hardly saw my students on these trips. The Chinese team leader, with whom I talked on several occasions, wondered if I really had a team. He had never seen us all together. The U.S team members were usually off with students from England, Australia, or South Africa and occasionally with the two young women from the Netherlands. Of the 170 students present, only 7 were women, and we all wished there were more. The two Dutch women had outgoing personalities and attracted lots of attention. On one particularly long bus ride, they went up and down the aisles attaching home-made devices to the button holes of unsuspecting students to give them something to work on -how do you get this thing off? I have since learned that letters have already been exchanged between friends made at IOI'92. Equity among men and women was the only point that caused the slightest division among the team leaders. It had been a concern at the last IOI'91 in Greece and a recommendation had come out of the that Olympiad: "Girls should be strongly encouraged to participate." The Netherlands felt that their women were just as good as their men and had always put two men and two women on their team. They felt that every country should try harder to bring women to the competition, and they formally proposed that each country have a mixed team with at least one woman. Furthermore, if they could not bring at least one woman, they could bring only three men rather than four. I felt that this was one way to actually get more participation by women and supported the proposal, as did 12 other countries. But more team leaders felt this was not practical, since the difference in interest and ability between men and women in their country was too great and they would not be able to find women who would be competitive in this activity. The proposal failed probably due to the strong opposition voiced by the team leader from Argentina - a woman. The award ceremony was held on Monday at the Castle Birlinghoven. It began with a quartet of German high school students playing Beethoven, followed by speeches from the Minister of Education, the Minister of Cultural Affairs, and the Director of the German National Institute for Research in Mathematics and Computer Science (GMD). The 41 bronze medal winners were announced, and they walked to the front to receive their medals followed by the 31 silver medal winners. The 13 gold medal winners were introduced one at a time and given gifts ranging from Apple PowerBook computers to HP laser printers - approximately $1,500 in value for each student. The rules called for a prize distribution of approximately 1 gold to 2 silver to 3 bronze, with the total number of medals not to exceed half the number of participants. The jury had decided on the cutoff scores to achieve this goal. All except one of those who received the gold medal had scored a perfect 200 points, and he scored a close 198. I was especially happy that two of the U.S. team members had won a gold medal on our first try. All of the other gold medal winning countries, except Korea, had participated in the competition from its beginnings in Bulgaria in 1989. Thirteen countries competed in the first IOI. The second IOI was held Belorussia, in 1990, with 24 countries, and the third IOI was held in Greece in 1991 with 25 countries. This year the size doubled to 47 participating countries and 4 observing countries. A buffet-lunch on the terrace followed the awards, and all the students received a collection of goodies in an attractive black IBM duffel bag to go along with their certificates of participation. Throughout the ceremonies pictures were taken by the German press, TV stations, and many proud team leaders. An air balloon was resting on the back lawn ready to take the winners airborne. Unfortunately, wind conditions were not safe enough to risk a flight, but the afternoon was a marvelous finale to ten wonderful days at IOI'92. This will be a tough Olympiad to follow. IOI'93 is scheduled for Argentina in October of 1993. Final Report 2. International Committee    International Committee Final Report 2.  2. International Committee 2.1 Its History and Composition The International Committee for the IOI was founded by the assembly of all delegates participating in the first IOI at the 19th of May 1989 in Pravetz, Bulgaria. The following members have been nominated and voted by this international Jury: S. Chen, China, P. Heyderhoff, Germany, P. Kenderov, Bulgaria (President), C. Kilias, Greece, V. Kiryukhin, USSR, S. Mahere, Zimbabwe, Pita, Cuba, A. Pokrovsky, Unesco, S. Waligorski, Poland., The second meeting of the International Committee was held during the second IOI in Minsk 1990 and the composition of the committee was changed by decision of the assembly of all IOI delegates to the following members: Pavel Azalov, Bulgaria, Alicia Banuelos, Argentina, Peter Heyderhoff, Germany, Walt James, United Kingdom, Christos Kilias, Greece, Vladimir Kiryukhin, USSR (President), Ries Kock, Netherlands, Hakan Stromberg, Sweden, Wenhu Wu, China. The third meeting of IC was held at the 25 -28 February 1991 in Athens invited by the IOI Organizing Committee of Greece. It was attended by: Pavel Azalov, Bulgaria, Alicia Banuelos, Argentina, Peter Heyderhoff, Germany, Walt James, United Kingdom, Christos Kilias, Greece (President), Ries Kock, Netherlands, and the guests: Spyros Bakogianis, Greece, Irene Bournazou, Greece, Ifigenia Fouda, Greece, Catherine Georgopoulou, Greece, HaJine Kimn, Korea, J.Ch. Panagiotopoulos, Greece, George Philokyproy, Greece, The fourth meeting was held during the third IOI in Athens 1991. The composition was adjusted by decision of the assembly of all IOI delegates to: Pavel Azalov, Bulgaria, Alicia Banuelos, Argentina, Peter Hanak, Hungary, Peter Heyderhoff, Germany, Walt James, United Kingdom, Christos Kilias, Greece (President), Vladimir Kiryukhin, USSR, Ries Kock, Netherlands, Hakan Stromberg, Sweden. The fifth meeting was held at the 27 -30 October 1991 in Bonn invited by the IOI Organizing Committee of Germany. Results and decisions of this meeting have been reported in chapter 1.9 of this final report. The meeting was attended by: Peter Hanak, Hungary, Peter Heyderhoff, Germany (President), Walt James, United Kingdom, Christos Kilias, Greece, Vladimir Kiryukhin, USSR, Ries Kock, Netherlands, Yngve Lindberg, Sweden, and the guests: Hans-Werner Hein, Germany, Christel Klein, Germany, Fritz Krckeberg, Germany, Gnther Miklitz, Germany, Hans Ingo Tilgner, Germany, Tom van Weert, IFIP. 2.2 Meeting and Decisions During the Fourth International Olympiad in Informatics the sixth meeting of the International Committee was held on the 15th and 17th of July. The International Committee consisted of Pavel Azalov, Bulgaria, Alicia Banuelos, Argentina, Peter Hanak, Hungary, Peter Heyderhoff, Germany (President), Steven Bird, United Kingdom, Christos Kilias, Greece, Vladimir Kiryukhin, USSR, Ries Kock, Netherlands, Hakan Stromberg, Sweden, and: HaJine Kimn, Korea, Vladimir Kotov, Belorussia, who were elected by the general assembly. Topics and decisions: 1. Composition of the Committee Based on a recommendation of the International Jury it was decided that the IC should be comprised of -Three immediate past hosts representatives, -One current host representative, the president, -Three immediate future hosts representatives, -Three other persons elected for two years by the general assembly. In October 1993 the USSR representatives (for Belorussia and Russia) would leave the committee and new members may be elected. There might also be a change in the future hosts at that stage if any of them decided they could not host an IOI. However, hosts should be confirmed three years in advance. It should be aimed to: -include countries that represent all geographical regions of the world on the International Committee, -encourage the maximum number of countries possible to be represented on the International Committee and so limit conscentative terms as much as possible. The election procedure for the other members would be: -Call for nominations from interested countries. -Have a first vote where each country present indicates the countries they wish to see represented on the committee. -Have a second vote to chose the countries to fill the vacant position from the three chosen from the first vote. 2. Next Olympiad in 1993 It has been confirmed that the next International Olympiad in Informatics will be held in Argentina on the 13th -23th October 1993. Some finance has been assigned from the Argentinian government and sponsorship from other sources are currently being sought. There has been a suggestion that the most economic travel solution for European teams is likely to be a charter flight from Amsterdam or Paris. Details will be posted from Argentina. 3. Olympiads after 1993 There have been several offers to host the Olympiad in the future which at the moment maps out as follows: 1994 Sweden 1995 Netherlands (UK has retracted) 1996 Hungary Offers have also been received from Portugal, Korea, China, South Africa, Australia. These countries will confirm their offers either in Argentina or at a later date. 4. Regulation Changes It was decided that the maximum age has been reduced by one year to 19 years of age as of the 1st July of the IOI year. The participant also must have been at school by the beginning of the IOI year. So in Argentina anyone born after 1st July 1974 and who is at school in 1992/93 may participate. It was decided that a change to the regulations allowing paper materials to be taken into the competition rooms was necessary. This is to take effect after Argentina, ie. starting in 1994 with Sweden, no more paper material will be allowed in the competition rooms. In order to reduce the time of installing software it was decided that example programs and tours will be excluded. It was also decided that there should be a master list of available programming languages. The list is as follows: Borland Turbo Pascal Version 6.0, Borland Turbo C++ Version 2.0, Microsoft Quick Basic Version 4.5, LCN Logo Version 2.0 In addition, teams would be allowed to request in advance other versions of the software for inclusion. Availability would be at the discretion of the host nation. A decision about the inclusion of additional languages, especially Scheme, will be taken by the IC meeting in November. 5. Women Participation A proposal was presented by Ries Kock of the Netherlands that the Committee should make greater efforts to promote the inclusion of girls in National teams. Mrs. Alicia Banuelos presented an oppositional paper about "Woman participation in future IOI". After some discussion, Kock's suggestion that teams should comprise three members or a single gender team and four members for a mixed gender team, was put to a vote for inclusion in the regulations 1993. The outcome was eight votes in favour and one vote against. But it was pointed out that such a major change in the regulations required at least two years to take effect and that because the vote was not anonymous it should go before the general assembly (the jury) for additional guidance. The jury decided not to change the regulations in this respect. 6. Improving the IOI Communication It was proposed by the Hungarian and the US delegates to install an electronic discussion list, in the form of a list server, as a means of communication among the participating countries in the period between two olympiads. The list server is mainly a distribution medium to which every subscriber can submit messages, and these messages are then forwarded to all the other subscribers. It is usually available through several international networks (including internet, EARN/Bitnet, UUCP). The list server would allow the discussion of important proposals, dissemination of information, regulations and opinions, distribution of problem descriptions used at national and other international contests, etc. For those who do not have access to electronic mail, at least two options are open: (1) they can ask someone in their country or a neigbour country to collect messages and regularly send copies on diskettes to them, (2) the organizing country of the next olympiad is asked to perform this task. It was decided that this activity should be started by the proposing delegates. You may subscribe yourself to the mailing list by sending a mail to the Internet adress: ioi-request@inf.bme.hu. The body of the message should consist of one line containing either the word HELP or the word SUBSCRIBE. As a reply you will receive an automatic help message or a confirmation of your subscription. The Iranian delegate proposed that the IC should consider a quarterly newsletter regarding the IOI and distributing it to all countries involved. The proposed newsletter could reflect the following matters: -Editorial. -Relevant news solicited from all countries. -Detail reports on the IOI competition, including the best solutions to the IOI problems, and all the problems provided by different countries to the Scientific Committee. -Reports on national Informatics Competitions in different countries including the problems and different statistics. -Reports on secondary-school education of informatics countries. This was discussed. Some of these suggestions are already covered by the annual final reports (like this one). Others may be covered in future by our email-box. 2.2a Statement on Women participation A statement by Alicia Banuelos, Argentina Although almost all agree that every reasonable effort should be made to encourage and increase women's participation in the IOI, some countries have suggested the inclusion of rules that, according to our point of view, may produce a result that contradicts the stated objective and, besides that, produce other negative side effects. In particular, there has been a proposal to require participating countries to include at least one women in their teams if they were 4 people in the team. This proposal has, at least, the following drawbacks: 1. It requires participating countries to change their selection rules in ways that are difficult to implement, contradict their own views of how to protect woman and minority rights, or work against offering equal opportunities to each citizen. 2. It may lead participating countries to change the selection process to have separate contests. Since there is every reason to think that men and women are comparable in this discipline, this segregation is, in fact, a violation of women rights. 3. Forcing women participation in the IOI may result in a perception that women are, in this discipline, less qualified than men. 4. Other competitions are generally based on either free participation respective of sex or complete separation of the competition. This mixed proposal has side effects that are difficult to anticipate. Based on the above mentioned problems, we propose the following resolution: A. Send a message to each participating country asking their cooperation to further encourage and increase women participation in the IOI. B. Prohibit in the IOI any kind of prize that is based on the sex, colour or religion of the participant, like for example, best ranked woman prize. C. Ask participating countries to submit to the Jury of the IOI a report stating the measures they have taken to effect the objective stated in A above. Final Report 3. Regulations    Regulations Final Report 3.  3. Regulations 3.1 Main Regulations 1. Participation The fourth Olympiad in Informatics is an international programming competition for senior pupils. Only officially invited national teams can participate. Each participating country may send a team consisting of -up to four pupils who were born after 1st July 1972 and who were still at school in the school year 1991/92; -a team leader, who is automatically a member of the International Jury; -a deputy team leader, who looks after the team. Countries who wish to participate actively must send at least one pupil and one team leader. Girls should be strongly encouraged to participate. Countries that do not send a national team may participate with one observer. Germany will cover team expenses for board and lodging, excursions and transfer from and to Cologne(Kln)/Bonn airport. Travelling costs to and from Cologne/Bonn airport will be covered by each participating country. Persons accompanying the national team and pupils' relatives may attend at their own expense. The number of accompanying persons will be limited. A prerequisite for participation is the timely registration of the national team. Countries which have already participated must submit at least one problem for the competition including a suggested solution and proposals for the evaluation of the solutions in English. Deadlines 29 Feb.'92 Registration for participation, with name of team leader, number of prospective participants and submission of two problems if possible; 31 May '92 Registration of the whole team, with names and addresses of all participants and accompanying persons. 2. Organisation The fourth International Olympiad in Informatics (IOI'92) will take place in Bonn, North Rhine Westphalia, Germany, from 12th to 21st July 1992. The competition will be held at the Gustav Stresemann Institute. This international youth academy is located in the centre of Bonn close to the river Rhine. All participants and accompanying persons will also be accommodated there. The IOI'92 is supported by the Federal Republic of Germany, represented by the Federal Minister of Education and Science, in cooperation with the Standing Conference of the Ministers of Education and Cultural Affairs of the Laender in the Federal Republic of Germany and in consultation with the Foreign Office. The event will be organized by the "Bundeswettbewerb Informatik". Address of the Organisation Office: Dr. Peter Heyderhoff IOI'92 Organisation Office Schlo Birlinghoven Postfach 1316 D-5205 Sankt Augustin 1 Germany Tel.: + 49 2241 14 2494 Fax: + 49 2241 14 2090 email: heyderhoff @ gmd.de telex: 889469 gmd d 3. Organs of the IOI'92 Organs of the fourth International Olympiad in Informatics (IOI'92) are: -The President of the Jury He directs the Olympiad and is nominated by the host country. -The International Jury The Jury is composed of the team leaders of all participating countries and the nominated President. A Vice President will be elected from among and by the team leaders. The Jury will hold its first meeting on the opening day of the Olympiad. -The Coordinating Committee consists of coordinators and one Chief Coordinator. It has the task of examining and evaluating all solutions. The Coordinating Committee is composed of informatics experts from the host country, their number being about half the number of participating teams. The Coordinating Committee will be nominated by the host country. The coordinator responsible for the German team will be elected by and from among the members of the Jury. -The Scientific Committee is composed of the Chief Coordinator and some members of the coordinating committee. It becomes active before the beginning of the Olympiad and has the task of selecting and preparing six problems from those that have been submitted. 4. Problems Each participant, working independently on a personal computer, has to solve two problems, each within five hours. Each participating country has to submit at least one problem according to the conditions of participation. The problems will be selected by the Jury from the six problems that have been prepared by the Scientific Committee. These have been selected from the problems submitted by the participating countries. The problems will be of algorithmic type. No special hardware requirements or software packages will be needed for solving them. The problems are given to the students in written form without any additional oral information. The following programming languages are permitted: Turbo Pascal V. 5.5 and V. 6.0, Turbo C ++ and Microsoft C V.5, Quick C, Quick Basic V. 4.5 and GW-Basic, LCN Logo V.2 5. Tools For the Olympiad each participant will be provided with a personal computer and the necessary system software. He/she should be familiar with the MS-DOS operating system and with a QWERTY keyboard. The compilers and programming environments for the above-mentioned programming languages as well as the MS-DOS editor will be installed on hard disk. Hard copies of files can only be printed off-line via diskettes. Only the computers provided may be used in the competition. No copying of the software on the computers, nor the use of private or other software or private diskettes will be allowed. The use of printed material will not be restricted. 6. Working Languages Every participant may use his/her mother tongue. The problems will be given in both English and the respective mother tongue. Team leaders and deputy team leaders must be able to speak and understand English as well as the language of their teams. English will be the only working language of the International Jury. 7. Competition The competition consists of two rounds on two days. At the start of each day of competition the Scientific Committee will submit three problems to the Jury, who will select one for the competition. The selected problem will be translated by the team leaders into the respective mother tongues and supplied in handwritten form. A period of four hours will be provided for all this preparations each morning. At 10.00 am the problem will be given to the participants in English and in their mother tongues. Five hours' working time will be allowed. During the first half hour a participant may ask the Jury in writing about the text of the problem. Only questions that can be answered with "Yes"/"No" or "No comment" will be accepted. The answers will be given as soon as possible. When the working time has elapsed, each participant's program will be checked by one coordinator using previously unknown test data. The team leader and the student must be present. During this checking, all required tests will be run and a written report will be signed by the coordinator and the team leader. Each participant's program will be copied on two diskettes and the corresponding description, if any, will be collected. The coordinator and the team leader will each keep one copy of the diskettes. Printouts will be produced by the coordinator and then given to the team leader. The team leader and the coordinator will together examine each solution and agree on a preliminary evaluation. By moderating the solution in the Coordinating Committee a just and balanced evaluation is to be achieved. The Chief Coordinator will present the result to the Jury, who will make the final decision. If a team leader cannot accept the coordinating committee's evaluation, he may direct himself to the Jury. All decisions taken during the evaluation procedure will be final. When the evaluation is finished, the Jury will determine the minimum scores for the first, second and third prizes. The number of winners of these prizes is to be in the proportion 1:2:3, with up to half the participants receiving prizes. The prizes, certificates and medals will be awarded in an official ceremony. Each competitor will receive a certificate of participation. Time Schedule: 12.7. Arrival, becoming familiar with the computer 13.7. Opening ceremony, excursion / Jury session 14.7. Trip to Cologne and Dsseldorf 15.7. Competition, first problem / Jury session 16.7. Trip to Heidelberg 17.7. Competition, second problem / Jury session 18.7. Excursion / Jury session 19.7. Excursion into the hills along the Rhine 20.7. Prizegiving ceremony, banquet 21.7. Departure 3.2 Arbitration and Evaluation Rules Tasks and working procedures of the Jury The Jury is responsible for the evaluation in the Olympiad. Decisions are taken by simple majority vote; in the case of equality the President decides. If requested, the vote may be taken by secret ballot. The Jury relies on the Scientific Committee's careful preparatory work. It selects three problems for each of the two rounds, it tests the problems, rewrites them, adds test procedures and proposes a scheme for evaluation. The scheme says how the total of 100 points is to be allotted to the parts of the solution. In the morning of the competition day the Jury selects the problems and decides on the corresponding evaluation schemes. In the evaluation of individual solutions the Jury relies mainly on the Coordinating Committee. Only in case of disagreement and if requested by a team leader the Jury decides. The following procedure for evaluation and arbitration has to be applied before the Jury's decision. Coordinators and Participants There is one coordinator for each participant. The pairing of coordinators and participants is so that each country has several coordinators and each coordinator is allocated to several countries. No coordinator will be responsible for his own country. First Evaluation Step For each problem the coordinators receive from the Chief Coordinator an evaluation form which has been prepared by the Scientific Committee. As specified in this form, the program is run for testing by the coordinator, the team leader and the participant after the competition time is over. The coordinator gives a provisional evaluation on the form. Deviating results of the team leader are also written on the form. Both coordinator and team leader sign the evaluation form which is the basis for the final evaluation. The coordinator receives the evaluation form, a print out of the program and a diskette with the sources. The team leader receives a program print out and a diskette with the sources. Second Evaluation and First Arbitration Step For standardisation the provisional evaluations are compared and discussed by the Coordinating Committee. Negative changes of the provisional evaluation are explained to the team leader in order to reach agreement. If the team leader agrees, he signs the new evaluation. Second Arbitration Step If agreement cannot be achieved, the case is submitted to the Chief Coordinator who give his own evaluation. Third Arbitration Step If the team leaders are of the opinion that the regulations have not been properly applied or that its application did not lead to a satisfactory result, the case may be submitted to the Jury for a final decision. Final Evaluation by the Jury Normally the Jury does not decide on individual evaluations but follows the evaluation list submitted by the Chief Coordinator. The Jury decides on a final graded list of participants. The Chief Coordinator proposes to the Jury the minimum scores for the first, second and third prices. 3.3 Regulations for the Organisation The contest starts at 10:00 am. The participants should switch on their computers themselves. It is not allowed to bring diskettes into the computer rooms. Each of the participants will receive two IOI diskettes. One diskette they should use for printing purposes only. The printing job shop is organized in such a way, that on this diskette there may be only the files to be printed. Nothing else! Page limit for one print job is 20 pages. The other diskette should be used for backup purposes only. It is recommended during the program typing phase to make a backup at least every 15 minutes during the contest. In case of a computer breakdown the participant will be switched to another machine. Time lost for transition and restart etc. will be compensated. The contest ends at 3:00 pm SHARP. Fifteen minutes before 3:00 pm there will be an announcement "The contest ends in 15 minutes". Such an announcement will be repeated from time to time for a countdown. Please instruct your participants that it makes no sense trying to change anything in their programs in the last few minutes. The last ten minutes the participants should use to: 1. Make a diskette backup of at least the RESULT FILE. 2. Make sure that the RESULT FILE is named and located correctly on hard disk according to the technical constraints of the task. Otherwise the participant will loose points and the evaluating team will loose time. There can be only one RESULT FILE -the participant will be asked ONLY ONCE to tell the coordinater the name and location of that file. It must be an ASCII file containing the complete program source. We do not accept special structured files (e.g. LCN standard) or solutions with units in separated files. After the contest all participants have to leave the computer rooms. When leaving they have to hand out their two diskettes to an assistant. If a participant leaves the computer room with a diskette s/he will be disqualified. The participants are requested to return to the entrance of their computer room at the time scheduled for their evaluation. 3.4 The Online Documentation System The IOI contest software system consisted of a MS-DOS directory structure with established places and names for the programming development systems, the special command files, the task texts, the example files, the solution programms, input and output data files, etc. The Scientific Committee developed a small online documentation therefore. Each directory contained an INFO file - not larger than one screen - that answered the fundamental questions "Where am I?", "What can I do here?", "What should I do next?", and "Where should go from here?". Additionaly four central documentation files (DOC, ENV, LANG, BAT) described the IOI software installation as a whole. These texts have been distributed in print before the contest days among the team leaders. The following are listings of those documentation files and some example INFO files: ---------------------------------------------------- This is the IOI Documentation System: Welcome ! ---------------------------------------------------- You are now reading the text file "C:\IOI\DOCUMENT\doc-info.ioi". Initial introduction to the IOI Software System: 1. The Operation System is Microsoft MS-DOS 5.0 (english). Presettings see files "C:\config.sys" and "C:\autoexec.bat". 2. The standard Text Editor can be called with command "edit" optionally followed by a filename. 3. Each directory contains an Information File "info.ioi" which you can read with "info". 4. The directory "C:\IOI\DOCUMENT" contains Documentation Files. Read them with commands "doc", "env", "lang", and "bat". Recommended actions are: env to read a document about the IOI dir structure. lang to read a document about the IOI progr language bat to read a document about the IOI sys commands. info to get information where you are and what to do Type "env" and you can read this: ==================================================== This is the IOI Documentation System: Don't Panic ! ---------------------------------------------------- You are now reading the text file "C:\IOI\DOCUMENT\env-info.ioi". The directory structure implemented is: ROOT ................ MS-DOS Root Environment .. | |--> DOS ........... MS-DOS System Environment | |--> BAT ..... IOI System Commands ...... | |--> IOI ........... IOI Contest Environment .. | |--> DAY-1 ... IOI Contest First Day ... | |--> DAY-2 ... IOI Contest Second Day ... | |--> DOCUMENT IOI System Documents ..... | |--> LANGUAGE IOI Programming Languages | |--> JOY ........... IOI Recreation Environment For information about the content of a directory (e.g. "C:\XXX\YYY"), switch to this directory ("cd C:\XXX\YYY") and use command "info". Type "lang" and you can read this: ==================================================== This is the IOI Documentation System: Don't Panic ! ---------------------------------------------------- You are now reading the text file "C:\IOI\DOCUMENT\lan-info.ioi". Under "C:\IOI\LANGUAGE" we installed eight programming systems in separate directories. For each system we introduced a standard-name and a short-name. You can call the programming systems using standard-name or short-name for a DOS command. The appropriate command procedures are located in "C:\DOS\BAT". It is recommended not to change these procedures. If you implement commands for your own purposes, please put them into directory "C:\IOI\DAY-1" on the first day, and into "C:\IOI\DAY-2" on the second day of the contest. IOI-Programming-Language Standard-Name Short-Name --------------------------------------------------- GWBasic Version 3.20 ...... BASIC-GW ........... GW Quick Basic Version 4 ..... BASIC-QU ........... QB Turbo C++ ................. C--PLUS2 ........... TC Quick C ................... C--QUICK ........... QC Microsoft C Version 5 ..... C-MCSOFT ........... MC LCN-Logo Version 2 ........ LOGO-LCN ........... LO Turbo Pascal 5.5 .......... PASCAL-5 ........... P5 Turbo Pascal 6.0 .......... PASCAL-6 ........... P6 --------------------------------------------------- Type "bat" and you can read this: ==================================================== This is the IOI Documentation System: Don't Panic ! ---------------------------------------------------- You are now reading the text file "C:\IOI\DOCUMENT\bat-info.ioi". This is a list of the IOI commands located in directory "C:\DOS\BAT". It is recommended not to change these commands or to implement own commands with the same names. Commands of the IOI Documentation Environment: ---------------------------------------------------- BAT . displays this document about the IOI sys cmds DAY-1 switches to the contest environment, firstday DAY-2 switches to the contest environment, 2. day. DOC displays a document about the IOI doc system. ENV displays a document about the IOI dir struct. INFO displays where you are and what to do. LANG displays a document about the IOI progr syst. ---------------------------------------------------- Commands of the JOY Recreational Environment: ---------------------------------------------------- D92 ... Language Teacher. EURO .. Tour through Europe. PCGLOBE World Map Teacher. PCMENSCH Human Body Teacher. ---------------------------------------------------- Commands of the IOI Programming Environment: ---------------------------------------------------- GW calls the GWBasic 3.20 programming system LO calls the LCN-Logo programming system MC calls the Microsoft C programming system P5 calls the Turbo Pascal 5.5 programming system P6 calls the Turbo Pascal 6.0 programming system QB calls the Quick Basic programming system QC calls the Quick C programming system TC calls the Turbo C++ programming system ---------------------------------------------------- ==================================================== This is the IOI Documentation System: Don't Panic ! ---------------------------------------------------- You are now in the MS-DOS Root Environment. Software objects in the "C:\" directory are: Name Purpose ------------------------------------------ autoexec.bat DOS System Presettings command .com DOS System config .sys DOS System Presettings dos .dir DOS System info .ioi IOI Documentation io .sys DOS System ioi .dir IOI Contest Environment joy .dir JOY Recreational Environment ll3 .sys DOS System msdos .sys DOS System ------------------------------------------ Please do not change anything here. Recommended actions are: doc to read documentation. cd ioi to switch to the IOI contest E. cd joy to switch to the recreational E. ==================================================== This is the IOI Documentation System: Don't Panic ! ---------------------------------------------------- You are now in the MS-DOS System Environment. Software objects in the "C:\DOS" directory are: Name Purpose --------------------------------------------- bat .dir IOI system commands info .ioi IOI documentation pcopy .dir DOS system files (not installed on every comp.) < 78 files > DOS system files --------------------------------------------- Please do not change anything here. Recommended actions are: doc to read about the documentation system. env to read about the directory structure. lang to read about the programming languages. bat to read about the system commands. help to get information about DOS commands. cd bat to switch to the IOI commands environment cd C:\IOI to switch to the IOI contest environment. cd C:\JOY to switch to the JOY recreational environ ==================================================== You are now in the IOI commands environment. Software objects in the "C:\DOS\BAT" directory are Name(s) Type Purpose ---------------------------------------------------- doc, info, env, lang, bat .bat Documentation Tools day-1, day-2 .bat Contest Tools gw, basic-gw, qb, basic-qu .bat Programming Tools tc, c--plus2 .bat Programming Tools qc, c--quick mc, c-mcsoft .bat Programming Tools lo, logo-lcn .bat Programming Tools p5, pascal-5 p6, pascal-6 .bat Programming Tools d92, euro, pcglobe, pcmensch.bat Program Calls info .ioi Documentation ---------------------------------------------------- Please do not change anything here. Recommended actions are: bat to read a document about the IOI system cmmds. lang to read a document about the IOI progr. lang. cd to switch to the IOI contest environment. ==================================================== You are now in the IOI First Day Contest Environment Here and ONLY HERE you have to place the files with your solution program as requested in the given contest task! Initial software objects in the "C:\IOI\DAY-1" directory are: Name Purpose Read-only Hidden ---------------------------------------------------- info .ioi IOI Documentation + + ---------------------------------------------------- Recommended actions are: env to read a document about the IOI dir struct. bat to read a document about the IOI sys commds. ==================================================== You are now in the IOI Documentation Environment. Software objects in the "C:\IOI\DOCUMENT" dir are: Name Purpose Read-only Hidden ---------------------------------------------------- bat-info.ioi IOI System Commands + - doc-info.ioi IOI Documentation System + - env-info.ioi IOI Directory Structure + - info .ioi IOI Documentation + + lan-info.ioi IOI Programming Languages + - ---------------------------------------------------- Please read all these documents carefully. Recommended actions are: bat to read a document about IOI sys commands. env to read a document about IOI dir structure. lang to read a document about IOI prog languages. day-1 to work on the problem of the first contest. day-2 to work on the problem of the second contest. ==================================================== You are now in the IOI Programming Systems Environment. Objects in the "C:\IOI\LANGUAGE" directory are: Name Programming Language ----------------------------------------- BASIC-GW . dir GWBasic 3.20 BASIC-QU . dir Quick Basic Version 4.50 C--PLUS2 . dir Turbo C++ C--QUICK . dir Quick C 2.50a C-MCSOFT . dir Microsoft C Version 5 LOGO-LCN . dir LCN Logo Version 2 PASCAL-5 . dir Turbo Pascal 5.5 PASCAL-6 . dir Turbo Pascal 6.0 info . ioi IOI Documentation ----------------------------------------- Please do not change anything here. Recommended actions are: bat to read a document about the IOI sys cmds. lang to read a document about the Prog Systems. ==================================================== You are now in the IOI Recreation Environment. Software objects in the "C:\JOY" directory are: Name Purpose ---------------------------------------------- info .ioi IOI Documentation deut92 .dir IOI Language learning euro .dir IOI Tour through Europe -Game pcglobe .dir IOI Electronic world map pcmensch.dir IOI Knowing the human body ---------------------------------------------- Recommended actions are: d92 to start learning German. euro to play a game about Europe. pcglobe to get facts about 190 states. pcmensch to get facts about the human body. cd c:\ioi to go to the IOI contest environment. bat to read about the IOI system commands. 3.5 Evaluation Schedule Evaluation Plan (Day-1) Procedure: Execute your list sequentially. If you arrive at a nation, which currently is evaluated by another person, wait and recreate. This will happen mostly when in your list there is a "free" entry. 04- 01-Gasper 02-Heinz 03-Kerner Klaeren 05-Leiss --------- -------- --------- ------- -------- ALG-1 BRU-1 I---1 LAT-1 CH--1 B---1 free SAF-1 CYP-1 TUN-1 LIT-2 ALG-2 BRU-2 I---2 LAT-2 NL--2 B---2 TUN-2 LUX-2 CYP-2 free LIT-3 ALG-3 BRU-3 I---4 LUX-1 VIE-3 B---3 TUN-3 SAF-3 I---3 LAT-4 LIT-4 ALG-4 NL--3 SAF-4 28- 07- 06-Worsch Guest-A Klingen 08-Smith 09-Hausen --------- ------- ------- -------- --------- LIT-1 D---1 ARG-1 BUL-1 SPA-1 free free COL-1 SIN-1 SRI-1 CH--2 free SPA-2 ARG-2 BUL-2 SAF-2 free free UK--2 SIN-2 LAT-3 D---3 MAL-3 PL--3 ARG-3 CYP-3 free TT--2 THA-3 UK--3 BRU-4 free MAC-4 MAL-4 PL--4 TUN-4 SRI-4 TT--4 10- 11- 29- Boerding Kellermann 12-Haider Guest-B 13-Schnepf -------- ---------- --------- ------- ---------- MAC-1 MAL-1 PL--1 free H---1 UK--1 TT--1 free free AUS-1 PL--2 MAC-2 MAL-2 D---2 RO--2 COL-2 SRI-2 TT--3 free free BUL-3 SPA-3 MAC-3 free KUW-3 SIN-3 free SRI-3 free SW--3 ARG-4 BUL-4 SPA-4 D---4 KOR-4 SIN-4 UK--4 15- 16- 14-Joppich Gergeleit Kloppenburg 17-Focke ---------- --------- ----------- -------- USA-1 IRA-1 KOR-1 KUW-1 GRE-1 HKG-1 free SW--1 H---2 USA-2 IRA-2 KOR-2 AUS-2 GRE-2 HKG-2 THA-2 CHI-3 H---3 USA-3 IRA-3 free AUS-3 GRE-3 HKG-3 KUW-4 RO--4 H---4 USA-4 SW--4 THA-4 18- 20- 21- Huettenhain 19-Kalb Bohn Westermann 22-Poigne ----------- ------- ------- ---------- --------- RO--1 AUT-1 EST-1 CZ--1 CHI-1 THA-1 RUS-1 UKR-1 free VIE-1 KUW-2 MON-2 AUT-2 EST-2 CZ--2 SW--2 free RUS-2 UKR-2 free KOR-3 GAB-3 MON-1 AUT-3 EST-3 free free free RUS-3 UKR-3 IRA-4 FI--4 GAB-4 MON-4 AUT-4 VIE-4 RUS-4 23- 24- Giffeler Cacutalua 25-Huhn 26-Hein 27-Widmayer -------- --------- ------- ------- ----------- FI--1 GAB-1 MON-3 ??? ??? free POR-2 NL--1 CHI-2 FI--2 GAB-2 VIE-2 free POR-1 CZ--3 RO--3 FI--3 POR-3 NL--4 free EST-4 CZ--4 CHI-4 UKR-4 Evaluation Plan (Day-2) Procedure: Execute your list sequentially. If you arrive at a nation, which currently is evaluated by another person, wait and recreate. This will happen mostly when in your list there is a "free" entry. 20- 21- 19-Kalb Bohn Westermann 22-Poigne 25-Huhn ------- ------- ---------- --------- ------- ALG-1 BRU-1 I---1 LAT-1 CH--1 B---1 free SAF-1 CYP-1 TUN-1 LIT-2 ALG-2 BRU-2 I---2 LAT-2 NL--2 B---2 TUN-2 LUX-2 CYP-2 free LIT-3 ALG-3 BRU-3 I---4 LUX-1 VIE-3 B---3 TUN-3 SAF-3 I---3 LAT-4 LIT-4 ALG-4 NL--3 SAF-4 24- 29- 13- 14- 15- Cacutalua Guest-B Schnepf Joppich Gergeleit --------- ------- ------- ------- --------- LIT-1 D---1 ARG-1 BUL-1 SPA-1 free free COL-1 SIN-1 SRI-1 CH--2 free SPA-2 ARG-2 BUL-2 SAF-2 free free UK--2 SIN-2 LAT-3 D---3 MAL-3 PL--3 ARG-3 CYP-3 free TT--2 THA-3 UK--3 BRU-4 free MAC-4 MAL-4 PL--4 TUN-4 SRI-4 TT--4 16- 17- 18- 28- Kloppenburg Focke Huettenhain Guest-A ----------- ----- ----------- ------- MAC-1 MAL-1 PL--1 free UK--1 TT--1 free free PL--2 MAC-2 MAL-2 D---2 COL-2 SRI-2 TT--3 free BUL-3 SPA-3 MAC-3 free SIN-3 free SRI-3 free ARG-4 BUL-4 SPA-4 D---4 SIN-4 07-Klingen 08-Smith 09-Hausen 10-Boerding ---------- -------- --------- ----------- H---1 USA-1 IRA-1 KOR-1 AUS-1 GRE-1 HKG-1 free RO--2 H---2 USA-2 IRA-2 free AUS-2 GRE-2 HKG-2 KUW-3 CHI-3 H---3 USA-3 SW--3 free AUS-3 GRE-3 KOR-4 KUW-4 RO--4 H---4 SW--4 THA-4 11-Kellermann 12-Haider 01-Gasper 02-Heinz ------------- --------- --------- -------- KUW-1 RO--1 AUT-1 EST-1 SW--1 THA-1 RUS-1 UKR-1 KOR-2 KUW-2 MON-2 AUT-2 THA-2 SW--2 free RUS-2 IRA-3 KOR-3 GAB-3 MON-1 HKG-3 free free free USA-4 IRA-4 FI--4 GAB-4 UK--4 VIE-4 04- 23- 03-Kerner Klaeren Giffeler 06-Worsch 05-Leiss --------- ------- -------- --------- -------- CZ--1 CHI-1 FI--1 GAB-1 MON-3 free VIE-1 free POR-2 NL--1 EST-2 CZ--2 CHI-2 FI--2 GAB-2 UKR-2 free VIE-2 free POR-1 AUT-3 EST-3 CZ--3 RO--3 FI--3 RUS-3 UKR-3 POR-3 NL--4 free MON-4 AUT-4 EST-4 CZ--4 CHI-4 RUS-4 UKR-4 Final Report 4. Problems and Solutions    Problems and Solutions Final Report 4.  4. Problems and Solutions 4.0 The Submitted Problems All proposed problems have been taken from these submissions. The Scientific Committee felt free to tailor the problem difficulty and the story wrapped around to get for each contest day three "equally useful" proposals. The following table shows which task proposal was developed using which submitted problem: 4.1.1 Mysterious Continents <=MON-1 4.1.2 A Mazing Workshop <=SAF-1 4.1.3 Islands In The Sea <=UK--1 4.2.1 Hamilton's Robot <=BRU-1 4.2.2 Climbing A Mountain <=CHI-2 4.2.3 Rubik's Toolkit <=NL--1 Among all proposals to the pleasure of the Scientific Committee UK--1 and NL--1 have been prepared exemplarily well, with a detailed problem discussion and electronically readable solution and demonstrator program texts. CN = Country Number TN = Task Number TID = Task Identificator P = Pages CN Country Name TN TID Task Name P --------------------------------------------------- 01 Algeria 01 ALG-1 Square Root 3 02 ALG-2 Triangle 1 03 ALG-3 Floating Point 1 04 ALG-4 Palindromes 1 05 ALG-5 Stock Management 1 06 ALG-6 Matrix Rotation 1 02 Argentina 03 Australia 04 Austria 05 Belgium 06 Belorussia 07 BRU-1 Travelling Robot 2 08 BRU-2 Pattern Matching 2 07 Bulgaria 08 Switzerland 09 CH--1 Gas Station 6 09 China 10 CHI-1 Integer Guessing 9 11 CHI-2 Climb the Mountain 8 10 Columbia 11 Cuba 12 Cyprus 12 CYP-1 Crossword 15 13 Czechoslowakia 14 Germany 13 D---1 Constraints Workbench 2 15 Denmark 16 Estonia 17 Finland 18 Gabun 19 Greece 20 Hungary 21 Hong Kong 14 HKG-1 6x6 TicTacToe 5 15 HKG-2 15 Tile Puzzle 3 22 Italy 23 Iran 24 Korea 16 KOR-1 Pancake Cutting 6 17 KOR-2 Consecutive Flags 4 25 Kuwait 26 Latvia 27 Lithuania 18 LIT-1 Polynomials 3 19 LIT-2 Auction 3 28 Luxembourg 20 LUX-1 2D Projection 4 29 Macau 21 MAC-1 Rotating Board 8 30 Malta 22 MAL-1 Bookshelve 9 31 Mexico 32 Mongolia 23 MON-1 Nice Continent 2 24 MON-2 Exact Result 1 33 Netherlands 25 NL--1 Rubic Cube 19 34 Poland 35 Portugal 36 Romania 26 RO--1 Expressions 2 27 RO--2 Bus Driver 1 37 Russia 38 South Africa 28 SAF-1 Labyrinth 10 29 SAF-2 Change Ringing 4 39 Singapore 40 Spain 30 SPA-1 The Turtle 4 41 Sri Lanka 42 Sweden 43 Thailand 31 THA-1 Maze 3 44 Trinidad Tobago 32 TT--1 Customer Database 6 33 TT--2 Airport 4 34 TT--3 Indexing 12 35 TT--4 Hotel Elevator 8 45 Tunesia 36 TUN-1 Trains 7 37 TUN-2 Statistics 9 46 Turkey 47 United Kingdom 38 UK--1 Nonogram Puzzle 11 48 Ukraine 39 UKR-1 Minimal Polynom 9 40 UKR-2 Matrices Equivalency 13 49 United States 41 USA-1 Digital Mastermind 2 50 Viet Nam 42 VIE-1 Rotating Rings Puzzle 6 51 Zimbabwe --------------------------------------------------- 24 subm.countries, 42 submitted tasks, pages: 230 4.1 The Proposed Problems Structure of the Task Information Part A: Given to the Jury in paper Given to the contestants in paper Electronically available on contest days. Example File Name: C:\IOI\DAY-1\413-TASK.TXT 01. Tasknumber (number-of-ioi.number-of-day.alternative) Example: TASK 4.1.1 02. Title Example: "MORE MAGIC" 03. Task Text a. Domain description and definitions b. Chapter title "PROBLEM STATEMENT" Problem statement text (usually with some subproblems) c. Title "TECHNICAL CONSTRAINTS" Some technical constraints, e.g. input and output file names. d. Chapter title "EXAMPLE(S)". Example(s) e. Chapter Title "CREDITS". Table of credits (sum equals 100) Part B: Given to the contestants 04. Sample input and output data file(s) Example File Names: C:\IOI\DAY-1\411-DATA.IN (input only) C:\IOI\DAY-1\411-DATA.IO (input,output) C:\IOI\DAY-2\423-DATA.OU (output only) Part C: Presented to the Jury 05. Demonstrator Program File Name: C:\IOI\DAY-1\412-DEMO.C 06. Sample solution programs File Name: C:\IOI\DAY-2\422-P-P5.PAS 07. Motivation, Inside Information, Why and How File Name: C:\IOI\DAY-1\413-JURY.TXT Part D: This is for the Evaluators 08. Evaluator Guide (on paper in the eval.folder) File Name: C:\IOI\DAY-2\423-EVAL.TXT 09. Evaluation Form (on paper in the eval.folder) File Name: C:\IOI\DAY-1\413-EVAL.FRM 10. Evaluation bat-procedures (on the evaluator disk) File Name: C:\IOI\DAY-2\421-EVAL.BAT 11. Evaluation data files (on the evaluator disk) File Names: C:\IOI\DAY-1\411-DAT1.IN C:\IOI\DAY-2\421-DAT3.IO C:\IOI\DAY-1\413-DAT2.OU Part E: This is for the Committee 12. Coordinator Memo File Names: C:\IOI\DAY-1\413-COMM.TXT Task 4.1.1: "Mysterious Continents" A MAP is a 48 by 16 rectangle of COORDINATES. Two coordinates are CONNECTED if they are neighbours either in south-north or in east-west direction. Initially each coordinate is only known to be either WATER (W) or GROUND (G). There are four Ground Types (GT): G, M, P, and C. And there are 4 Water Types (WT): W, O, B, and L. It is assumed that outside the map is Ocean (O). There are certain geographic rules for changing the type of a coordinate (relabeling). It may become a: Mountain(M): If a GT is connected to 4 other GT. Peninsula(P): If a GT is connected to 3 WT, or to 2 WT and at least 1 P, or to 1 WT and at least 2 P. Coastline(C): If a GT is not M and not P. Ocean(O): If a WT is connected to at least one O. Bay(B): If an O is connected to at least 2 B and at most one O, or to 1 B and at least 2 GT, or to at least 2 GT and at least one O. Lake(L): If a W remains unchanged till no other relabeling is possible any more. It may happen, that after a certain coordinate has been relabeled, it can be relabeled once again later, because the types of some neighbours have changed in the meantime. A map is EXPLORED if no relabeling is possible any more. PROBLEM STATEMENT Implement a program which does the following in that order: 1. Read a map of an unknown continent from an ASCII input file and display it on the screen, together with the initial coordinate type statistics, as shown in Example-1. 2. Explore the map and relabel the coordinates correctly with M, P, C, O, B, or L according to the geographic rules. 3. Display the explored map on the screen, with the final coordinate type statistics, as shown in Example-2. 4. Write a screen copy showing the explored map and the final coordinate type statistics to an ASCII output file. TECHNICAL CONSTRAINTS Constraint-1: Put your solution program into an ASCII text file named "C:\IOI\DAY-1\411-PROG.xxx". Extension .xxx is: -.BAS for BASIC programs, -.C for C programs, -.LCN for LOGO programs, -.PAS for Pascal programs. Constraint-2: The name of the ASCII input file for reading an unknown map must be "C:\IOI\DAY-1\411-MAP.IN". Constraint-3: The name of the ASCII output file for writing map and statistics must be "C:\IOI\DAY-1\411-MAP.OU". EXAMPLE(S) Example-1: The screen display, including initial statistics, of the unknown map in file "C:\IOI\DAY-1\411-MAP.IN" should look like: WWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWW WWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWW WWWWWWWWWWWWWWGGGGGGWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWW WWWWWWWWWWWWWWGGWWGGWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWW WWWWWWWWWWWWWWGGGWGGWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWW WWWWWWWWWWWWWWGGWWGGWWWGGGWGWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWW WWWWWWWWWWWWWWWGGGGGGGGGGGGGWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWW WWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWGGGWWWGGWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWW WWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWGGGWWWGGWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWW WWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWGGGGWWGGWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWW WWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWGGWWWGGWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWW WWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWGWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWW WWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWGWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWW WWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWGGGWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWW WWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWW WWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWW MYSTERIOUS: G=61 W=707 ALL=768 Example-2: The screen display of the explored map, including final statistics and the file "C:\IOI\DAY-1\411-MAP.OU" should look like: OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOCCCCCCOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOCCLLCCOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOCMPLCCOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOCCLLCCBBBCCCBPOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOBCCCCCCCCMCCCCBOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOBCMCBBBCCOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOCMCBOOCCOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOCMMPOOCCOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOBCCBOOCCOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOBPBOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOBPBOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOPPPOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO EXPLORED: P=8 C=47 M=6 O=685 B=17 L=5 ALL=768 SAMPLE FILES We provided these correct example files for your convenience: "C:\IOI\DAY-1\411-MAP.IN" and "C:\IOI\DAY-1\411-MAP.OU". WARNING: Successful execution of your program with Example-1 above does not necessarily guarantee that your program is correct !!! CREDITS points Read from a file and display unknown map correctly 05 All Mountains correctly relabeled with M 10 All Peninsulas correctly relabeled with P 20 All Coastlines correctly relabeled with C 05 All Ocean correctly relabeled with O 10 All Bays correctly relabeled with B 20 All Lakes correctly relabeled with M 05 Initial Statistics correct 05 Final Statistics correct 10 Structure of output file correct 05 Technical constraints completely obeyed 05 ------------------------------------------------------------------- maximal 100 Task 4.1.2: "A Mazing Workshop" A MAZE completely covers an AREA of N times M squares. It consists of many WALL squares and of many SPACE squares, the latter of which include one ENTRY square and one TREASURE square. A PATH is a sequence of adjacent space squares (bounded by walls) from the entry to a dead end, we refer to as an ENDPOINT. The LENGTH of a path is the number of squares it covers, including entry and endpoint. The maze must be such that paths may fork but do not join, so for example no two paths can have the same endpoint. The entry is located somewhere at the top of the maze. The treasure is positioned at the endpoint of a path with maximal length. The N times M area should be covered with paths as much as possible. It is nice to watch a maze growing over an area while it is computed. Because the algorithm is too fast for the eye, a DELAY TIME after each drawn square is necessary. PROBLEM STATEMENT Implement the following set of TOOLS dealing with mazes. The tools should be executable in any order and repetition through a main menue: Tool-1: Set the main maze parameters N and M interactively. Tool-2: Set a DELAY TIME interactively. Tool-3: Compute a new correct maze basically using a random generator and display the maze while it is growing. Tool-4: Write a generated maze and its size parameters to an ASCII text file, exactly as it is shown in Example-2. Tool-5: Read an unknown maze from an ASCII text file and highlight the path from entry to treasure. TECHNICAL CONSTRAINTS Constraint-1: Represent each square by a two-character string: -walls by two times ASCII character 219 "" -paths and entry by 2 blanks " " -treasure by T and blank "T " -highlighted paths by full-stop and blank ". " Constraint-2: N and M must be greater than 2 and not larger than 20. Constraint-3: Put your solution program into an ASCII text file named "C:\IOI\DAY-1\412-PROG.xxx". Extension .xxx is: -.BAS for BASIC programs, -.C for C programs, -.LCN for LOGO programs, -.PAS for Pascal programs. Constraint-4: The name of the ASCII text file for reading and writing mazes must be "C:\IOI\DAY-1\412-MAZE.IO". EXAMPLES Example-1: A screen display of sample file "C:\IOI\DAY-1\412-MAZ1.IO" by Tool-5 should look like: N = 10, M = 8, DELAY TIME = 100 . . . . . . . . . T . . . LENGTH = 13 Example-2: The same maze's file output by Tool-4 should look like: 10 8 T SAMPLE FILES We provided these correct example files for your convenience: "C:\IOI\DAY-1\412-MAZ1.IO" and "C:\IOI\DAY-1\412-MAZ2.IO". WARNING: Successful execution of your program with these examples does not necessarily guarantee that your program is correct !!! CREDITS points Main menue with all tools available 5 Tools available in any order and repetition 10 Tool-1 enables setting N and M 05 Tool-2 enables setting DELAY TIME 05 Tool-3 computes structurally correct mazes 30 Tool-3 displays the maze while it is growing 10 Tool-4 writes maze to a file exactly as in example2 05 Tool-5 reads unknown maze and highlights path 20 Technical constraints completely obeyed 10 -------------------------------------------------------------------- maximal 100 Task 4.1.3: "Islands in the Sea" has been selected Task 4.2.1: "Hamilton's Robot" On a plane there are given N positions P1, P2, ..., PN with integer coordinates (X1,Y1), ..., (XN,YN). A robot should move through all these positions starting at P1. It should come to each position only once with the exception of P1 which also has to be the position at the end of the tour. There are constraints on the robot's movements. It can only move along straight lines. From P1 it can start in any direction. Reaching one of the Pi, before moving on to another position it must turn 90 degrees either to the left or to the right. A robot program consists of five types of statements: 1. "ORIENTATION XkYk": usable as the first statement only. The robot turns to the direction of the position Pk (k between 2 and N). 2. "MOVE-TO Xj Yj": if the robot can reach Pj without changing its current orientation, then it moves to the position Pj (j between 1 and N). Otherwise the statement is not executable. 3. "TURN-LEFT": the robot changes its orientation 90 degrees to the left. 4. "TURN-RIGHT": the robot changes its orientation 90 degr. to the right. 5. "STOP": deactivates the robot. This is the necessary last statement of each robotprogram. PROBLEM STATEMENT Implement a program that does the following: 1. Read the value of N and the coordinates for N given positions from an ASCII input file (see Example) and display the data on the screen. 2. Develop a robot program for a valid tour through all positions (as defined above) if one exists. 3. If there is no possible tour, the robot program must consist just of the "STOP"-statement. 4. Display on the screen, whether a tour is possible or not and, if there exists one, its length (rounded, 2 digits after the decimal point). The length of a tour the sum of the lengths of the straight line pieces. 5. Write the robot program to an ASCII output file exactly as is shown in Example. TECHNICAL CONSTRAINTS Constraint-1: Put your solution program into an ASCII text file named "C:\IOI\DAY-2\421-PROG.xxx". Extension .xxx is: -.BAS for BASIC programs, -.C for C programs, -.LCN for LOGO programs, -.PAS for Pascal programs. Constraint-2: The name of he ASCII input file for reading the positions from must be "C:\IOI\DAY-2\421-ROBO.IN". Constraint-3: The name of the ASCII output file for writing the robot program to must be "C:\IOI\DAY-2\421-ROBO.OU". Constraint-4: Program must reject inputs where N is less than 4 or greater than 16, without trying to find a tour! EXAMPLE(S) Input: An input file contains in the first line the value for N and in the following N lines the X and Y coordinates of the selected positions, for example: 4 2 -2 0 2 -1 -1 3 1 Output: For these 4 positions one shortest robot program with length = 12.65 is: ORIENTATION 3 1 MOVE-TO 3 1 TURN-LEFT MOVE-TO 0 2 TURN-LEFT MOVE-TO -1 -1 TURN-LEFT MOVE-TO 2 -2 STOP SAMPLE FILES We provide these correct files with the above input and output for your convenience: "C:\IOI\DAY-2\421-ROBO.IN" and "C:\IOI\DAY-2\421-ROBO.OU". WARNING: Successful execution of your program with this example does not necessarily guarantee that your program is correct !!! CREDITS points Read data correctly from every file and display it 05 Algorithm for computing a valid tour ok 30 Generated robot program syntactically correct, if tour does not exist 10 Generated robot program syntactically correct, if tour does exist 15 Screen display gives all required information 05 Displayed length of computed tour correct 10 Robot program correctly written to a file 10 Technical constraints obeyed 15 -------------------------------------------------------------------- maximal 100 Task 4.2.2: "Climbing a Mountain" has been selected Task 4.2.3: "Rubik's Toolkit" This problem is based on the puzzle game "Rubik's cube". If you already know Rubik's cube you may skip this paragraph and the next one. Rubik's cube is a cube that consists of 3 x 3 x 3 smaller cubes. Initially each of the six faces of Rubik's cube is coloured uniformly in a different colour; we call this the initial cube. Every face of Rubik's cube consists of 3 x 3 faces of a layer of nine smaller cubes. Imagine you are looking at any of the six faces of Rubik's cube. The layer of 3 x 3 smaller cubes you see can be rotated by a multiple of 90 degrees, where the axis of rotation is orthogonal to the face and goes through its centre. The result is another 3 x 3 x 3 cube where the colour pattern of the face you are looking at has been rotated and the colour patterns of the four neighbouring faces have changed. In our problem the faces of the cube are given names instead of colours: U=Up, R=Right, F=Front, B=Back, L=Left and D=Down. Any move sequence to turn the cube may be described as a string of the letters {U, R, F, B, L, D} where each letter stands for a basic rotation: the 90 degrees clockwise rotation of the corresponding face. PROBLEM STATEMENT with EXAMPLE(S) Write a program that allows the user to repeatedly solve any of the given three subproblems in any order. You may assume that the length of each input string is at most 35. 1. This subproblem is the translation of a given move sequence into a move sequence where no primitive rotation is applied more than 3 times in sequence. Your algorithm should reject non-legal input sequences. Some examples are provided for clearness: Input Output L --> L LL --> LL LLL --> LLL LLLL --> "the empty sequence" LLLLL --> L LLRRRFFFFRLB --> LLLB HELLO --> "error" 2. The second subproblem is to find out whether two given move sequences yield the same result when applied to the initial cube. The examples may illustrate this: Input, Input, Output 1st sequence 2nd sequence RL LR yes RU UR no RRFFRRFFRRFFRRFF FFRRFFRR yes RRFFRRFFRRFFRRFF RRFFRRFF no 3. The third subproblem is to determine how many times a given move sequence has to be applied to the initial cube until the cube is in its initial state again. The smallest such number greater zero is sought. We provide some examples: Input Output L 4 DD 2 BLUB 36 RUF 80 BLUFF 180 TECHNICAL CONSTRAINTS Constraint-1: Put your solution program into an ASCII text file named "C:\IOI\DAY-2\423-PROG.xxx". Extension .xxx is: -.BAS for BASIC programs, -.C for C programs, -.LCN for LOGO programs, -.PAS for Pascal programs. SAMPLE FILES none CREDITS points Main menu and user dialogue o.k. 15 Subproblem 1: Transformation o.k. 20 Rejects wrong inputs 10 Subproblem 2: Correctness 25 Subproblem 3: Correctness 25 Technical constraints obeyed 05 -------------------------------------------------------------------- maximal 100 4.2 The First Selected Problem with Best Solutions Day 1: "Islands in the Sea" The SEA is represented by an N times N grid. The task is to reconstruct a MAP of islands only from some CODED INFORMATION about the horizontal and vertical distribution of the islands. To illustrate this code, consider the following map: * * * 1 2 * * * * 3 1 * * * 1 1 1 * * * * * 5 * * * * 2 1 1 * 1 1 1 4 2 2 1 1 2 3 2 1 The numbers on the right of each row represent the order and size of the groups of islands in that rows. For example, "1 2" in the first row means that this row contains a group of one island followed by a group of two islands; with sea of arbitrary length to the left and right of each island group. Similarly, the sequence "1 1 1" below the first column means that this column contains three groups with one island each, etc. PROBLEM STATEMENT Implement a program which repeats the following steps until a given input file containing several information blocks has been read completely: 1. Read the next information block from an ASCII input file (for the data structure of that file see also the examples below) and display it on the screen. Each information block consists of the size of the square grid, followed by the row constraints and the column constraints. Each constraint for a single row or column appears on a single line as a sequence of numbers separated by spaces and terminated by 0. 2. Reconstruct the map (or all of the maps, if more then one solution is possible, see Example-4) and display it/them on the screen. 3. Write the map(s) to the end of an ASCII output file. Each blank must be represented by a pair of spaces. Each island should be represented by a '*' followed by a space. Different maps satisfying the same constraints should be separated by a blank line. If there is no map satisfying the constraints, indicate it by a line saying "no map". The solutions to the different information blocks must be separated by a line saying "next problem". TECHNICAL CONSTRAINTS Constraint-1: N must be not less than 1 and not larger than 8. Constraint-2: Put your solution program into an ASCII text file named "C:\IOI\DAY-1\413-PROG.xxx". Extension .xxx is: -.BAS for BASIC programs, -.C for C programs, -.LCN for LOGO programs, -.PAS for Pascal programs. Constraint-3: The name of the ASCII input file for reading the coded information from must be "C:\IOI\DAY-1\413-SEAS.IN". Constraint-4: The name of the ASCII output file for writing the map(s) to must be "C:\IOI\DAY-1\413-SEAS.OU". EXAMPLES Example-1 (the problem above): 6 6 is the size of the grid. 1 2 0 <--Start of the first line constraint 3 1 0 1 1 1 0 5 0 2 1 1 0 1 0 1 1 1 0 <--Start of the first colm constraint 1 2 0 4 0 2 3 0 2 0 1 2 0 Example-2. Solution: 4 columns: 1 2 3 4 0 row 1: 1 0 row 2: * 2 0 row 3: * * 0 row 4: 0 1 0 2 0 0 Example-3. 2 Note that there is no map 0 satisfying the constraints. 0 2 0 2 0 Example-4. Note that there are two different maps 1 0 satisfying the constraints. 1 0 1 0 1 0 SAMPLE FILES We provided these correct example files for your convenience: "C:\IOI\DAY-1\413-SEAS.IN" and "C:\IOI\DAY-1\413-SEAS.OU". WARNING: Successful execution of your program with these examples does not necessarily guarantee that your program is correct !!! CREDITS points Read an information block from the input file and display it 05 Process all information blocks one by one until the input file is read completely 00 Reconstruct one map for each information block (if it has a solution) and display it 35 Write the solution map to the output file 05 Reconstruct all possible maps (if there are several solutions) and display them 20 Write all solution maps correctly separated to the output file 10 Identify information blocks having no solution 05 Technical constraints completely obeyed 10 ------------------------------------------------------------------- maximal 100 One of the Best Solutions of Day 1 The problem can be recognized as simular to the well konwn two person game "Destroy Ships". The objects asked for are very similar but the information gaining is different. The problem is solved using recursion and backtracking. The procedure find_maps assigns an island mark or an empty mark to the actual field and calls itself recursively in order to assign to the next field. If all fields could be assigned successfully according to the given constraints, the map will be shown and the recursion will be backtracked by restoring the old values. By this exhausting recursion and backtracking process it is garanted that all solutions will be found. Description of the program: The algorithm is described in a semi formal manner: read the data; solve the problem. read the data: for all rows read data and check its correctness. solve the problem: initialize pointers to the the field; start with the first field; search map. search map: if map complete draw map; if empty mark will fit to the current field assign empty mark; next field; search map; backtrack restoring the old value; if island mark will fit to the current field assign island mark; next field; search map; backtrack restoring the old value. Protokoll of a run: 4 2 0 2 0 2 0 2 0 2 0 2 0 2 0 2 0 1 2 3 4 1 * * 2 * * 3 * * 4 * * 1 2 3 4 1 * * 2 * * 3 * * 4 * * Program in Pascal PROGRAM IOI92_Day_1_Islands_in_the_sea; { Author: Matej Ondrusek, CZ } USES crt; TYPE line=ARRAY[0..5] OF integer; { line of input file } VAR inp,out:text; { input,output file } n:integer; { number of rows/collums } row,col:ARRAY[1..8] OF line; { rows, columns information } rp,cp,rs,cs:ARRAY[1..8] OF integer; { r/c pointer, r/c start } map:ARRAY[1..8,1..8] OF integer; { map of sea } nomap:boolean; { no map can be found } { at least one map found } { Read one block of input file } PROCEDURE readinput; VAR i,j:integer; { If there is some mistake in input file ... } PROCEDURE eiif; BEGIN clrscr; writeln(#7,'Error in input file !'); halt END; { Read one line of informations from input line } PROCEDURE readline(VAR a:line; VAR s:integer); VAR j:integer; BEGIN a[0]:=-1; s:=n+2; j:=1; IF eoln(inp) THEN eiif; read(inp,a[j]); WHILE a[j]>0 DO BEGIN IF j=5 THEN eiif; write(a[j],' '); s:=s-1-a[j]; j:=j+1; IF eoln(inp) THEN eiif; read(inp,a[j]); END; writeln('0'); readln(inp); IF s=n+2 THEN s:=n+1; IF a[j]<0 THEN eiif; IF s<1 THEN nomap:=true; END; BEGIN IF eoln(inp) THEN eiif; readln(inp,n); writeln(n); IF (n>8) OR (n<1) THEN BEGIN writeln('N is out of range !'); halt; END; FOR i:=1 TO n DO readline(row[i],rs[i]); FOR i:=1 TO n DO readline(col[i],cs[i]); readln(inp); IF ioresult<>0 THEN eiif; {$i+} writeln; writeln('Press any key to continue.'); writeln; WHILE readkey=#0 DO; END; { Write map to the screen and to the output file } PROCEDURE write_map; VAR i,j:integer; BEGIN IF found THEN writeln(out); found:=true; write(' '); FOR i:=1 TO n DO write(i,' '); writeln; FOR i:=1 TO n DO BEGIN write(i,' '); FOR j:=1 TO n DO IF map[i,j]=1 THEN BEGIN write('* '); write(out,'* '); END ELSE BEGIN write(' '); write(out,' '); END; writeln; writeln(out); END; writeln; writeln('Press any key to continue.'); writeln; WHILE readkey=#0 DO; END; { Recurrent procedure for reconstructing maps. It puts space or island on the r/c position (if possible) and calls itself for next position } PROCEDURE find_maps(r,c:integer); VAR rc,cc:boolean; BEGIN IF c=n+1 THEN BEGIN r:=r+1; c:=1; END; IF r=n+1 THEN BEGIN write_map; exit; END; { Try to put space on this position } IF ((row[r,rp[r]]=0) OR (row[r,rp[r]]=-1) AND (rs[r]>c)) AND ((col[c,cp[c]]=0) OR (col[c,cp[c]]=-1) AND (cs[c]>r)) THEN BEGIN map[r,c]:=0; rc:=false; cc:=false; IF row[r,rp[r]]=0 THEN BEGIN inc(rs[r]); rc:=true; row[r,rp[r]]:=-1 END; IF col[c,cp[c]]=0 THEN BEGIN inc(cs[c]); cc:=true; col[c,cp[c]]:=-1 END; find_maps(r,c+1); IF rc THEN BEGIN row[r,rp[r]]:=0; dec(rs[r]) END; IF cc THEN BEGIN col[c,cp[c]]:=0; dec(cs[c]) END; END; { Try to put island on this position } IF ((row[r,rp[r]]>0) OR (row[r,rp[r]]=-1) AND (rs[r]<=n)) AND ((col[c,cp[c]]>0) OR (col[c,cp[c]]=-1) AND (cs[c]<=n)) THEN BEGIN map[r,c]:=1; rc:=false; cc:=false; inc(rs[r]); inc(cs[c]); IF row[r,rp[r]]=-1 THEN BEGIN rc:=true; inc(rp[r]) END; IF col[c,cp[c]]=-1 THEN BEGIN cc:=true; inc(cp[c]) END; dec(row[r,rp[r]]); dec(col[c,cp[c]]); find_maps(r,c+1); inc(row[r,rp[r]]); inc(col[c,cp[c]]); IF rc THEN dec(rp[r]); IF cc THEN dec(cp[c]); dec(rs[r]); dec(cs[c]); END; END; { This is the main one-problem solving procedure } PROCEDURE solveproblem; VAR i:integer; BEGIN writeln(out,'next problem'); FOR i:=1 TO n DO BEGIN rp[i]:=0; cp[i]:=0; END; found:=false; IF not nomap THEN find_maps(1,1); IF not found THEN BEGIN writeln('No map!'); writeln(out,'no map'); writeln; writeln('Press any key to continue.'); WHILE readkey=#0 DO; END; END; BEGIN assign(inp,'c:\ioi\day-1\413-seas.in'); reset(inp); assign(out,'c:\ioi\day-1\413-seas.ou'); rewrite(out); { This is the main repetition -UNTIL the input file is read completely } WHILE not eof(inp) DO BEGIN nomap:=false; clrscr; readinput; solveproblem; END; close(inp); close(out); END. Program in C /*************************************************** Shawn Smith 7/15/92 Day 1 "Islands in the Sea" ****************************************************/ #include #define SEASIN "413-SEAS.IN" #define SEASOU "413-SEAS.OU" #define bputc(ch) (putchar(ch),putc(ch,fileout)) #define bprintf(str) (printf(str),fprintf(fileout,str)) #define PAUSE() ( printf("hit any key for the next problem\n"), \ getch() == 'q' ? exit(0) : 0) #define placespace(xpos,ypos,xislpos,spaceleft) \ (spaceleft == 0 || left[xpos][ypos] > 0 ? 0 : \ searchrow(xpos+1,ypos,xislpos,spaceleft-1)) int xisls[5][9],numxisls[9],yisls[5][8], numyisls[8],gridsize; int curyisl[8][9],left[8][9],spaces[9]; int successcount; FILE *filein,*fileout; main() { if((filein = fopen(SEASIN,"r")) == NULL) printf("error opening %s\n",SEASIN),exit(1); if((fileout = fopen(SEASOU,"w")) == NULL) printf("error opening %s\n",SEASOU),exit(1); while(readblock() == 0) { collectrowstats(); initfirstrow(); successcount = 0; searchrow(0,0,0,spaces[0]); if(successcount == 0) bprintf("no map\n"); PAUSE(); } fclose(fileout); fclose(filein); } readblock() { int i,j,count; if(fscanf(filein,"%d",&gridsize) == EOF) return -1; bprintf("next problem\n"); for(i=0; i < gridsize; i++) { fscanf(filein,"%d",&xisls[0][i]); for(count=0; xisls[count][i] > 0; count++) fscanf(filein,"%d",&xisls[count+1][i]); numxisls[i] = count; } numxisls[gridsize] = 0; for(i=0; i < gridsize; i++) { fscanf(filein,"%d",&yisls[0][i]); for(count=0; yisls[count][i] > 0; count++) fscanf(filein,"%d",&yisls[count+1][i]); numyisls[i] = count; } printf("grid size: %d\n",gridsize); for(i=0; i < gridsize; i++) { printf("row #%d:",i+1); for(j=0; j < numxisls[i]; j++) printf(" %d",xisls[j][i]); printf(" 0\n"); } for(i=0; i < gridsize; i++) { printf("col #%d:",i+1); for(j=0; j < numyisls[i]; j++) printf(" %d",yisls[j][i]); printf(" 0\n"); } return 0; } collectrowstats() { int i,j,sum; for(i=0; i <= gridsize; i++) { for(sum=j=0; j < numxisls[i]; j++) sum += xisls[j][i]; spaces[i] = gridsize-sum; } } initfirstrow() { int i; for(i=0; i < gridsize; i++) { left[i][0] = -1; curyisl[i][0] = 0; } } searchrow(int xpos,int ypos,int xislpos, int spaceleft) { if(xpos == gridsize && spaceleft > 0) return; else if(xpos == gridsize && ypos < gridsize) { propagaterow(ypos); searchrow(0,ypos+1,0,spaces[ypos+1]); } else if(xpos == gridsize) success(); else if(xislpos == numxisls[ypos] || left[xpos][ypos] == 0) placespace(xpos,ypos,xislpos,spaceleft); else if(left[xpos][ypos] > 0) placeisland(xpos,ypos,xislpos,spaceleft); else { placeisland(xpos,ypos,xislpos,spaceleft); placespace(xpos,ypos,xislpos,spaceleft); } } placeisland(int xpos,int ypos,int xislpos, int spaceleft) { int i,changed = 0; for(i=0; i < xisls[xislpos][ypos]; i++,xpos++) if(xpos == gridsize || left[xpos][ypos] == 0 || curyisl[xpos][ypos] >= numyisls[xpos]) goto restore; else if(left[xpos][ypos] == -1) { left[xpos][ypos] = yisls[curyisl[xpos][ypos]][xpos]; changed |= 1 << i; } if(xpos < gridsize) placespace(xpos,ypos,xislpos+1,spaceleft); else searchrow(xpos,ypos,xislpos+1,spaceleft); restore: for(i--,xpos--; i >= 0; i--,xpos--) if((changed >> i) & 1) left[xpos][ypos] = -1; } /* placespace(int xpos,int ypos,int xislpos, int spaceleft) { if(spaceleft > 0 && left[xpos][ypos] <= 0) searchrow(xpos+1,ypos,xislpos,spaceleft-1); } */ propagaterow(int ypos) { int i; for(i=0; i < gridsize; i++) { left[i][ypos+1] = left[i][ypos] > 0 ? left[i][ypos]-1 : -1; curyisl[i][ypos+1] = curyisl[i][ypos] + (left[i][ypos] == 1 ? 1 : 0); } } success() { int i,j; for(i=0; i < gridsize; i++) if(curyisl[i][gridsize] != numyisls[i]) return; if(successcount > 0) bputc('\n'); for(i=0; i < gridsize; i++) { for(j=0; j < gridsize; j++) { bputc(left[j][i] > 0 ? '*' : ' '); bputc(' '); } bputc('\n'); } successcount++; } 4.3 The Second Selected Problem with Best Solutions Day 2: "Climbing a Mountain" A mountain climbers club has P members, numbered from 1 to P. Every member climbs at the same speed and there is no difference in speed between climbing up and down. Climber number i consumes C(i) units of SUPPLIES per day and can carry at most S(i) such units. All C(i) and S(i) are integer numbers. Assume that a climber with a sufficient amount of supplies would need N days to reach the top of the mountain. The mountain may be too high, so that a single climber cannot carry all the necessary supplies. Therefore a GROUP of climbers starts at the same place and at the same time. A climber who descends prematurely before reaching the top gives his unneeded supplies to other climbers. The climbers do not rest during the expedition. The PROBLEM is to plan a schedule for the climbing club. At least one climber must reach the top of the mountain and all climbers of the selected group return to the starting point. PROBLEM STATEMENT Implement a program which does the following: 1. Read from the keyboard the integer number N of days needed to arrive at the top, the number P of climbers in the club, and (for all i from 1 to P) the numbers S(i) and C(i). You may assume that the inputs are integers. Reject inputs that make no sense. 2. Try to find a schedule for climbing the mountain. Determine a possible group a(1), ..., a(k) of climbers who should participate in the party and (for all j from 1 to k) the number M(j) of supplies which climber a(j) carries at the start. Note that there may not exist a schedule for all combinations of N and the S(i) and C(i). 3. Output the following information on the screen: a) the number k of climbers actually participating in the party, b) the total amount of supplies needed, c) the climber numbers a(1), .., a(k), d) for all a(j), j between 1 and k, the initial amount M(j) of supplies to carry for climber a(j), e) the day D(j) when climber a(j) starts descending. 4. A schedule is OPTIMAL if a) the number of participating climbers is minimal and b) among all groups satisfying condition a) the total of consumed supplies is minimal. Try to find a nearly optimal schedule. TECHNICAL CONSTRAINTS Constraint-1: Put your solution program into an ASCII text file named "C:\IOI\DAY-2\422-PROG.xxx". Extension .xxx is: -.BAS for BASIC programs, -.C for C programs, -.LCN for LOGO programs, -.PAS for Pascal programs. Constraint-2: Programs must reject inputs where N is less than 1 or greater than 100. P must be not less than 1 and not greater than 20. EXAMPLE(S) The following could be a dialogue with your program: Days to arrive to top: 4 Number of club members: 5 Maximal supply for climber 1 : 7 Daily consumption for climber 1 : 1 Maximal supply for climber 2 : 8 Daily consumption for climber 2 : 2 Maximal supply for climber 3 : 12 Daily consumption for climber 3 : 2 Maximal supply for climber 4 : 15 Daily consumption for climber 4 : 3 Maximal supply for climber 5 : 7 Daily consumption for climber 5 : 1 2 climbers needed, total amount of supplies is 10. Climber(s) 1, 5 will go. Climber 1 carries 7 and descends after 4 day(s) Climber 5 carries 3 and descends after 1 day(s) Plan another party (Y/N) Y Days to arrive to top: 2 Number of club members: 1 Maximal supply for climber 1 : 3 Daily consumption for climber 1 : 1 Climbing party impossible. Plan another party (Y/N) N Good bye SAMPLE FILES For your convenience, some files containing test data and correct sample output have been prepared; please look into the directory "C:\IOI\DAY-2". WARNING: Successful execution of your program with these examples does not necessarily guarantee that your program is correct !!! CREDITS points User dialogue as illustrated above 10 Find a solution for the special case where all C(i)=1 and and all S(i) are equal 20 Find a solution for general case 20 Find a nearly optimal solution for general case 30 Detect unsolvable situations 10 Technical constraints obeyed 10 ------------------------------------------------------------------- maximal 100 One of the Best Solutions of Day 2 The problem remembers to the task to prepare a timeschedule for a school or similar coordination problems. The problem will be solved using a backtracking technique. During input of data the climbers are classified by daily consumption, so that two climbers of the same daily consumption belong to the same group. The number of such groups is kept in the variable "g". Each group is sorted by the carrying facility of the group members. By this way a tree structure is produced. In order to solve the problem each group sends the first climber. In a recursive search using the procedure findnextclimber it is computed how far the selected climber will come and how much additional food units he needs. If the goal is not yet reached the next climber of the team is selected by calling the procedure findnextclimber indirect recursively via the procedure useclimbergroup. Description of the program: The algorithm is described in a semi formal manner: read the data; solve the problem. read the data: read data; classify the climbers; sort by daily consumption within the classes. solve the problem: initialize; for i from 1 to g use climber group (i); output the best result. use climber group: find next climber. find next climber: compute the number of additional food units needed; if the problem is totaly solved then actualize the best solution; else use climber group. Protocoll of the run: Days to arrive to top: 4 Number of club members: 5 Maximal supply for climber 1: 7 Daily consumption for climber 1: 1 Maximal supply for climber 2: 8 Daily consumption for climber 2: 2 Maximal supply for climber 3: 12 Daily consumption for climber 3: 2 Maximal supply for climber 4: 15 Daily consumption for climber 4: 3 Maximal supply for climber 5: 7 Daily consumption for climber 5: 1 2 climbers needed, total amount of supplies is 10. Climber(s) 1, 5 will go. Climber 5 carries 7 and descends after 4 day(s) Climber 1 carries 3 and descends after 1 day(s) Plan another party (Y/N) Y Days to arrive to top: 2 Number of club members: 1 Maximal supply for climber 1: 3 Daily consumption for climber 1: 1 Climbing party impossible. Plan another party (Y/N) N Good bye Program in Pascal PROGRAM IOI92_2_climbing_party; { Author: Matej Ondrusek, CZ } USES crt; CONST maxp=20; { max. number of members } maxn=100; { max. days } VAR z:char; correct:boolean; n,p:integer; { days, members } s,c:array[0..maxp] of integer; { max supplies, consumation } cg,cp:array[1..maxp] of integer; { cons.groups, cg pointers } party,bparty:array[1..maxp] of integer; { actual/best return's days } ds:array[0..maxn] of integer; { left supplies on days } dp:integer; { days pointer } supplies,bsupplies:integer; { used/best party use supplies} climbers,bclimbers:integer; { actual/best number of clim. } msupplies:integer; { minus supplies } g:integer; { number of groups } i:integer; { ************************************************ } { ****** This procedure is the input dialog ****** } { ************************************************ } PROCEDURE readdata; VAR i,j,l:integer; BEGIN {$i-} REPEAT write('Days to arrive to top: '); readln(n); IF ioresult<>0 THEN exit; IF (n<1) OR (n>100) THEN BEGIN writeln(' Oops! n, is out of range (1..100) !'); writeln(' Maybe, next time it''ll be OK ...'); writeln; END; UNTIL (n>=1) AND (n<=100); REPEAT write('Number of club members: '); readln(p); IF ioresult<>0 THEN exit; IF (p<1) THEN BEGIN writeln(' Your club doesnt have many members.'); writeln; END; IF (p>20) THEN BEGIN writeln(' So many climbers !'); writeln(' It''s nice, but not allowed.'); writeln; END; UNTIL (p>=1) AND (p<=20); g:=0; FOR i:=1 TO p DO BEGIN REPEAT write('Maximal supply FOR climber ',i,' : '); readln(s[i]); IF ioresult<>0 THEN exit; IF (s[i]<0) THEN BEGIN writeln(' I think, it cannot be negative.'); writeln; END; IF (s[i]=0) THEN BEGIN writeln(' It''s strange, but OK.'); writeln(' Maybe, it''s only a child ...'); END; UNTIL s[i]>=0; REPEAT write('Daily consumption for climber ',i,' : '); readln(c[i]); IF ioresult<>0 THEN exit; IF (c[i]<1) THEN BEGIN writeln(' climber should eat at least 1.'); writeln; END; UNTIL c[i]>=1; j:=1; WHILE (j<=g)AND(c[cp[j]]<>c[i]) DO j:=j+1; IF j>g THEN BEGIN g:=g+1; cp[j]:=i; cg[i]:=0; END ELSE IF s[i]>=s[cp[j]] THEN BEGIN cg[i]:=cp[j]; cp[j]:=i END ELSE BEGIN l:=cp[j]; WHILE s[cg[l]]>s[i] DO l:=cg[l]; cg[i]:=cg[l]; cg[l]:=i; END; END; {$i+} correct:=true; END; { ************************************************ } { ***** This is only forward declaration ... ***** } { ************************************************ } PROCEDURE useclimbergroup(g:integer); FORWARD; { ************************************************ } { * This procedure finds next day to be computed * } { * and then it tries to use all climbers * } { * on the top of groups. * } { ************************************************ } PROCEDURE findnextclimber; VAR i,dps:integer; BEGIN dps:=dp; WHILE (dp>0) AND (ds[dp]<=0) DO BEGIN ds[dp-1]:=ds[dp-1]+ds[dp]; dp:=dp-1; END; IF dp=0 THEN BEGIN IF (climbers0 THEN useclimbergroup(i); WHILE dp0) AND (bparty[i]0 THEN write(' ',i,','); writeln(#8,' will go.'); FOR i:=1 TO p DO IF (i<>j) AND (bparty[i]>0) THEN writeln ('Climber ',i,' carries ',s[i], ' and descends after ',bparty[i],' days'); write ('Climber ',j,' carries ',s[j]+msupplies); writeln(' and descends after ', bparty[j],' day(s)'); END; BEGIN s[0]:=0; c[0]:=0; clrscr; REPEAT correct:=false; REPEAT readdata; IF not correct THEN BEGIN writeln(' Only integers, please ?!?'); writeln; END; UNTIL correct; solveproblem; REPEAT writeln; write('Plan another party (Y/N) '); readln(z); UNTIL z in ['y','n','Y','N']; UNTIL (z='n') OR (z='N'); writeln; writeln('Good bye'); writeln; END. Program in C /**************************************************** Shawn Smith 7/17/92 IOI "Climbing a Mountain" ****************************************************/ #include #include #include #define divup(a,b) ((int)ceil((double)(a)/(double)(b))) struct HIKE { int number,carries,descends,C,S; /* I swapped C and S by accident */ } hike[20],best[20]; int timeabort; int bestP,bestC,curP,curC, index[20],unused[20],maxindex; int Ndays,Pclimbers; FILE *filein; main() { int yn; do { readinfo(); findunique(); resetbest(); planperson(Ndays,0,0,0,0); printbest(); printf("\nPlan another party (Y/N)? "); while(kbhit()) getch(); yn = getch(); } while(yn == 'y' || yn == 'Y'); } readinfo() { int i; printf("\n\nDays to arrive to top: "); scanf("%d",&Ndays); if(Ndays < 1 || Ndays > 100) printf("Error: Invalid number of days."),exit(0); printf("Number of club members: "); scanf("%d",&Pclimbers); if(Pclimbers < 1 || Pclimbers > 20) printf("Error: Invalid number of climbers."), exit(0); for(i=0; i < Pclimbers; i++) { hike[i].number = i+1; printf("Maximal supply for climber %2d: ", hike[i].number); scanf("%d",&hike[i].C); if(hike[i].C < 1) printf("Error: Supply must be greater 0."), exit(0); printf("Daily consumption for climber %2d: ", hike[i].number); scanf("%d",&hike[i].S); if(hike[i].S < 1) printf("Error: Consumption must greater 0."), exit(0); } printf("This may run for a while. If time is running out, hit any key.\n"); timeabort = 0; } int sortorder(const void *A,const void *B) { struct HIKE *a,*b; a = (struct HIKE *)A; b = (struct HIKE *)B; if(a->S == b->S) if(b->C == a->C) return a->number -b->number; else return b->C -a->C; else return a->S -b->S; } findunique() { int i; qsort(hike,Pclimbers,sizeof(struct HIKE), sortorder); maxindex=1; index[0]=0; unused[0]=1; for(i=1; i < Pclimbers; i++) if(hike[i].S == hike[i-1].S || hike[i].C <= hike[i-1].C) unused[maxindex-1]++; else { index[maxindex] = i; unused[maxindex] = 1; maxindex++; } } resetbest() { int i; for(i=0; i < Pclimbers; i++) { best[i].number = i+1; best[i].carries = best[i].descends = 0; } bestP=Pclimbers+1; } planperson(int days,int rate,int provide,int curP, int curC) { int i,j,needs,makeup; if(curP >= bestP) return; /* trim the search tree */ for(j=0; j < maxindex; j++) if(unused[j] > 0) { i = index[j]; if(hike[i].C-hike[i].S*days >= 0) { hike[i].descends = days; needs = hike[i].S*days*2+provide; makeup = needs-hike[i].C; if(makeup > 0) { hike[i].carries = hike[i].C; index[j]++; unused[j]--; planperson(divup(makeup,hike[i].S+rate), hike[i].S+rate,makeup, curP+1,curC+hike[i].C); index[j]--; unused[j]++; } else { hike[i].carries = needs; checkbest(curP+1,curC+needs); } hike[i].descends = 0; hike[i].carries = 0; } } } checkbest(int curP,int curC) { if(curP < bestP || (curP == bestP && curC < bestC)) { bestP = curP; bestC = curC; memcpy(best,hike,Pclimbers*sizeof(struct HIKE)); } printf("."); while(kbhit()) bestP = 0,getch(); } int bestorder(const void *A,const void *B) { struct HIKE *a,*b; a = (struct HIKE *)A; b = (struct HIKE *)B; if(a->descends) if(b->descends) return a->number -b->number; else return -1; else if(b->descends) return 1; else return 0; } printbest() { int i,first; qsort(best,Pclimbers,sizeof(struct HIKE),bestorder) ; for(bestP=i=0; i < Pclimbers; i++) if(best[i].descends) bestP++; if(bestP == 0) { printf("\nClimbing party impossible.\n"); return; } printf("\n%d climber%s needed, total amount of supplies is %d.\n", bestP,bestP > 1 ? "s" : "",bestC); printf("Climber%s",bestP > 1 ? "s" : ""); for(i=0,first=1; i < bestP; i++) printf("%s %d",first ? first=0,"" : ",", best[i].number); printf(" will go.\n"); for(i=0; i < bestP; i++) printf("Climber %d carries %d and descends after %d day(s).\n", best[i].number, best[i].carries,best[i].descends); } Final Report 5. Final Results and Statistics    Final Results and Statistics Final Report 5.  5. Final Results and Statistics 5.1 Participation In this year 51 nations participated, many, like the USA, the first time. Participation by Continents from AFRICA: Algeria, Gabon, South Africa, Tunisia, Zimbabwe; from AMERICA: Argentina, Colombia, Cuba, Mexico, Trinidad Tobago, United States; from ASIA: China, Hong Kong, Iran, Korea Rep. of, Kuwait, Macao, Mongolia, Singapore, Sri Lanka, Thailand, Viet Nam; from AUSTRALIA: Australia; from EUROPE: Austria, Belgium, Belorussia, Bulgaria, Switzerland, Cyprus, Czechoslovakia, Germany, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Greece, Hungary, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Russia, Spain, Sweden, Turkey, United Kingdom, Ukraine; Participation by Nations The team of each country consists of four participants. Women participation was very low. We had only five girls which came from the Netherlands (2), Italia, Cuba and Portugal. The age of the participants was between 14 and 20. Legend: Boys/ each digit gives the number of Girls boys/girls in that age-class. First column is age 19, second is 18, ... S Number of Participants D Number of Delegation leaders A Number of accompanaying persons P Number of supplied problems Code Nation Boys Girls S D A P AFRICA: ALG Algeria 0031 4 2 6 6 GAB Gabon 004 4 2 4 SAF South Africa 04 4 2 2 2 TUN Tunisia 022 4 2 2 2 ZIM Zimbabwe 1 1 AMERICA: ARG Argentina 112 4 2 3 COL Colombia 002 2 1 CUB Cuba 002 0001 4 2 MEX Mexico 1 1 TT Trinidad Tobago 013 4 2 1 4 USA United States 04 4 2 1 ASIA: CHI China 031 4 2 1 2 HKG Hong Kong 012 3 2 1 2 IRA Iran 0211 4 2 KOR Korea Rep. of 0013 4 2 5 2 KUW Kuwait 0021 3 2 3 MAC Macao 1021 4 2 1 MON Mongolia 2 SIN Singapore 0121 4 1 1 SRI Sri Lanka 00211 4 2 THA Thailand 10111 4 2 4 1 VIE Viet Nam 0013 4 2 1 AUSTRALIA: AUS Australia 0012 3 1 EUROPA: AUT Austria 031 4 1 B Belgium 012 3 2 3 BRU Belorussia 00121 4 2 2 BUL Bulgaria 01111 4 2 CH Switzerland 011 2 1 1 CYP Cyprus 0021 3 2 1 CZ Czechoslovakia 0112 4 2 D Germany 301 4 2 1 DK Denmark 1 3 EST Estonia 00111 3 2 FI Finland 121 4 2 GRE Greece 021 3 2 1 H Hungary 031 4 2 I Italy 012 01 4 2 2 LAT Latvia 031 4 2 LIT Lithuania 0112 4 2 2 LUX Luxembourg 011 2 2 1 MAL Malta 22 4 2 2 1 NL Netherlands 0011 0011 4 2 1 1 PL Poland 1201 4 2 POR Portugal 0011 00001 3 2 2 RO Romania 01111 4 2 2 RUS Russia 0004 4 2 SPA Spain 022 4 2 1 SW Sweden 301 4 2 1 TUR Turkey 1 UK United Kingdom 031 4 2 1 UKR Ukraine 0031 4 2 2 IF IFIP 1 1 UN UNESCO ______________________________________________ 51 Nations 165 Boys 5 Girls 92 Leader 51 Accomp. persons 313 Persons total 42 supplied problems 5.2 Training Reports as reported by the Teamleaders 0 = Starting year of national contest 1 = Number of pupils in 1. round 2 = Number of pupils in 2. round 3 = Number of pupils in 3. round 4 = Number of problems in 1. round 5 = Number of problems in 2. round 6 = Number of problems in 3. round 7 = homework in 1. round 8 = homework in 2. round 9 = homework in 3. round 1 = Number of candidates in Training 2 = Number of days in Training IOI'91 National Contests Year Students Problems Home Training Nation__0______1____2___3___4__5__6___7_8_9___1__2__ ARG 90 240 30 1 1 N N 3 30 BRU 88 600 57 5 3 2 2 N N N 3 5 BUL 82 1500 600 80 3 3 8 N N N 10 7 CHI 84 100 4 N 4 10 CYP 91 100 15 3 1 N N 3 5 CZ 83 255 200 50 4 4 4 Y N N 10 3 D 80 3000 300 30 5 3 2 Y Y N 8 3 GRE 89 300 24 3 1 N N 8 3 H 85 2100 35 8 1 N N 15 5 KOR 84 1000 100 24 6 N N N MON 90 7000 146 24 2 2 2 N N N 6 14 NIG 8 10 NL 91 50 4 Y 4 4 PL 85 120 2 N 20 2 RO 75 1200 600 150 2 2 4 N N N 10 14 RUS 88 100 100 1 1 N N 6 10 SW 89 500 84 6 6 N N THA 90 100 241 0 8 N N 3 40 UK 4 4 VIE 89 30 10 3 3 N N 4 20 IOI'92 National Contests Year Students Problems Home Training Nation__0______1____2___3___4__5__6___7_8_9___1__2__ ALG ARG 90 500 200 40 1 1 1 Y Y Y 4 15 AUS 92 2500 48 5 1 N Y 3 3 AUT 92 Y 0 B 81 BRU 88 600 57 5 3 2 2 N N N 3 5 BUL 82 1500 600 80 3 3 8 N N N 4 6 CH 2 6 CHI 84 100 15 4 4 N N 4 14 COL 89 200 80 30 25 15 9 N N N 25 30 CUB CYP 91 70 12 4 2 N N 4 5 CZ 86 218 130 50 4 4 4 Y N N 11 4 D 80 3000 300 30 5 3 2 Y Y N 12 10 DK EST 88 62 27 3 3 Y N 8 3 FI 87 6000 600 20 6 5 10 N Y N 8 2 GAB GRE 89 560 30 3 1 N N 0 0 H 85 3500 100 7 1 N N 17 4 HKG 90 63 1 Y 3 7 I IRA 92 2000 120 6 2 2 3 N N N 4 20 KOR 84 1000 100 24 6 N N N KUW LAT 88 1500 500 68 4 5 N N 4 10 LIT 85 1000 164 25 3 2 2 N N N 20 6 LUX 92 11 1 Y 2 1 MAC 39 14 12 8 N N 14 10 MAL 4 3 MEX MON 91 6000 367 33 2 3 4 N N Y 4 14 NL 91 50 4 Y 4 4 PL 85 120 2 N 20 2 POR 84 180 25 1 Y N 0 0 RO 75 5000 2000 200 4 4 4 N N N 30 RUS 89 135000 150 100 2 2 2 N N N 8 14 SAF 84 3000 15 5 1 N N 4 0 SIN 85 120 78 3 3 N N 6 14 SPA 91 25 12 1 1 Y Y 0 0 SRI SW 89 500 84 6 6 N N THA 90 250 30 15 4 6 5 N N N 30 14 TT 92 4 1 TUN 91 320 17 4 3 N N 4 10 TUR 93 UK 4 4 UKR 88 131 131 2 2 N N 9 17 USA 81 1000 10 5 5 N N 4 2 VIE 89 70 19 3 2 N N 4 21 ZIM 0 0 5.3 Medals and Nations Gold medals have been given to China (3x), Korea, Sweden (2x), Thailand (2x), Czechoslovakia, Hungary, USA (2x) and Viet Nam. In total 13 Gold, 31 Silverand 41 Bronze medals have been distributed. Nation Gold Silver Bronze China 3 1 0 Thailand 2 1 1 Sweden 2 1 1 USA 2 0 0 Korea 1 2 1 Czechoslovakia 1 2 0 Viet Nam 1 1 2 Hungary 1 1 1 Iran 0 2 2 Argentina 0 2 1 Bulgaria 0 2 1 South Africa 0 2 0 Germany 0 1 3 Russia 0 1 3 Ukraine 0 1 3 Poland 0 1 2 United Kingdom 0 1 2 Australia 0 1 2 Macau 0 1 1 Belorussia 0 1 1 Latvia 0 1 1 Belgium 0 1 1 Romania 0 1 1 Finland 0 1 1 Netherlands 0 1 0 Hong Kong 0 1 0 Lithuania 0 0 3 Cuba 0 0 2 Singapore 0 0 1 Austria 0 0 1 Switzerland 0 0 1 Greece 0 0 1 Estonia 0 0 1 5.4 The Twelve Most Successful Teams Nation (Points) Surname 1st name Prize China (785) Sun Yanfeng 2 Chen Gao 1 Wu Xing 1 Yang Yunhe 1 Thailand (743) Yamwong Wittawat 3 Thaisedhawatkul Suttirak 2 Asavanuchit Pinit 1 Fagcharoenphon Jittat 1 Sweden (731) Nilsson Jesper 3 Comstedt Marcus 2 Een Niklas 1 Huss Fredrik 1 Korea (728) Park JinSuk 3 Lee JongHyun 2 Kim KangHoe 2 Kim BomJun 1 Viet Nam (721) HaCong Thanh 3 LeVan Tri 3 Tuan PhamMinh 2 NguyenTuan Viet 1 Hungary (684) Szatmary Zoltan 4 Szasz Oliver 3 Kiss Robert 2 Peter Laszlo 1 Germany (671) Hein Wilko 3 Lhrig Fjodor 3 Mischke Thomas 3 John Matthias 2 Russia (653) Davydak Dmitry 3 Kuznetsov Evgeney 3 Ioffe Sergey 3 Zoukov Dmitry 2 Czechoslovakia (645) Vinar Tomas 4 Kotas Jan 2 Kybic Jan 2 Ondrusek Matej 1 Argentina (643) Agnese Andres 4 Futoransky Ariel 3 Kofman Ernesto 2 Moreno GabrielAle 2 Ukraine (622) Bondarenko Vitaly 3 Filippenko Denis 3 Matlach Pavel 3 Skvortsov Alexei 2 United States (620) Hunt Russel 4 Prior Michael 4 Bronson Nathan 1 Smith Shawn 1 5.5 The Winners Nr Points Surname 1st name Nation 1st PRIZE 1 200 Asavanuchit Pinit THA 2 200 Bronson Nathan USA 3 200 Chen Gao CHI 4 200 Fagcharoenphon Jittat THA 5 200 Huss Fredrik SW 6 200 Kim BomJun KOR 7 200 NguyenTuan Viet VIE 8 200 Ondrusek Matej CZ 9 200 Peter Laszlo H 10 200 Smith Shawn USA 11 200 Wu Xing CHI 12 200 Yang Yunhe CHI 13 198 Een Niklas SW 2nd PRIZE 1 195 DeVusser Frederik B 2 195 Kim KangHoe KOR 3 195 Kiss Robert H 4 195 Lam WaiIp MAC 5 195 Piskiulev Dimitar BUL 6 195 TerHuurne Maarten NL 7 193 Moreno GabrielAle ARG 8 193 Sullivan John UK 9 193 Thaisedhawatkul Suttirak THA 10 190 Dobrev Gabriel BUL 11 190 Kybic Jan CZ 12 190 Lee JongHyun KOR 13 190 Rajantie Arttu FI 14 190 Tuan PhamMinh VIE 15 188 Comstedt Marcus SW 16 187 Zoukov Dmitry RUS 17 185 Belyi Vladimir BRU 18 185 Butler David SAF 19 185 John Matthias D 20 185 Karnitis Girts LAT 21 185 Kofman Ernesto ARG 22 185 Kotas Jan CZ 23 185 Skvortsov Alexei UKR 24 185 Sun Yanfeng CHI 25 180 Henriksen SorenJohn AUS 26 175 Chan HingLun HKG 27 175 Guthrie KeithAllen SAF 28 175 Mahdian Mohammad IRA 29 175 MirzaeiBouini Saeed IRA 30 175 Necula Valentin RO 31 175 Smigielski Tomasz PL 3rd PRIZE 1 172 Szasz Oliver H 2 171 Mischke Thomas D 3 170 Ioffe Sergey RUS 4 170 Leok Melvin SIN 5 170 Meinorius Giedrius LIT 6 170 Praun EmilConsta RO 7 168 LeVan Tri VIE 8 168 Meisl Christian AUT 9 165 Kuznetsov Evgeney RUS 10 165 Lhrig Fjodor D 11 165 Pliszka Jacek PL 12 163 HaCong Thanh VIE 13 160 Ambraziunas Valdas LIT 14 158 Hamilton Ivan AUS 15 158 Matlach Pavel UKR 16 156 Forster Richard UK 17 155 Bojinov Hristo BUL 18 155 Filippenko Denis UKR 19 154 RivasDiaz Ramon CUB 20 150 Gafourov Sergej BRU 21 150 Hein Wilko D 22 150 Lam ChiKun MAC 23 150 Yamwong Wittawat THA 24 148 Borrego Mayelin CUB 25 145 Futoransky Ariel ARG 26 145 Nilsson Jesper SW 27 143 Park JinSuk KOR 28 140 Alaburda Marius LIT 29 140 Bogacz Rafal PL 30 140 Buergi Michael CH 31 139 Galvans Andris LAT 32 135 RostamAbadi Farshad IRA 33 131 Davydak Dmitry RUS 34 130 Kavarnos Adonis GRE 35 130 Pulkkinen Esa FI 36 128 Brannan Barry AUS 37 125 Laud Peeter EST 38 125 Rix Antony UK 39 125 VanAssche Gilles B 40 124 Bondarenko Vitaly UKR 41 123 KavehMaryan Quamars IRA Other Participants 1 Agnese Andres ARG 2 Blaszczyk Tomasz PL 3 Gambardella Alessandro I 4 Szatmary Zoltan H 5 Fung PingFu HKG 6 Kuzmin Maxim BRU 7 Prior Michael USA 8 VanderVorrden Danny NL 9 Lupsa RaduLucian RO 10 DeGroot Hermana NL 11 Kyrou George CYP 12 Wong IoKuan MAC 13 Hunt Russel USA 14 Kudzma Daumantas LIT 15 LopezPedraza Oscar CUB 16 Mett Aldo EST 17 Vachkevitch Mikhail BRU 18 Bouguerra Youssef TUN 19 Dekkers Sophia NL 20 Ghenea Bogdan RO 21 Kornelis Wouter LUX 22 Niemi Jyrki FI 23 Alcides Morales CUB 24 AlMutawa Abdullah KUW 25 Koivisto Juha FI 26 Coetzer MartinJ SAF 27 Guermach Samir TUN 28 Yee YangLi SIN 29 Palavrov Atanas BUL 30 Sirinathsingh Mansoor TT 31 Skordis Constantin CYP 32 VandenBerghen Frank B 33 Zavahir AhamedSifa SRI 34 Jayawardena Sidath SRI 35 Jarraya Bechir TUN 36 PerezBreva Luis SPA 37 Russo Diego I 38 Lazdinch Armands LAT 39 Muscat Albert MAL 40 Vinar Tomas CZ 41 Yip WingKong HKG 42 Clarke Peter UK 43 MercaderBarata Jorge SPA 44 Papadimitriou Spyros GRE 45 Pol Andras SPA 46 BenFraj Zamen TUN 47 Fong KaiNam MAC 48 Wolff Pascal LUX 49 Awart Patrik AUT 50 Vella Stephen MAL 51 LeeSeyon Geoff TT 52 Jayaweera Gayan SRI 53 Lim YuenChen SIN 54 Ricci Fabrizio I 55 Gafa Paul MAL 56 Mierinch Erik LAT 57 Tan KongHwee SIN 58 Vella Vincent MAL 59 Chrisos Thanasis GRE 60 DelOude Walter SAF 61 MatosPinto Jose POR 62 Muqaddas Ammar KUW 63 PauloOAlmeida Joao POR 64 Praschl Michael AUT 65 SanchezMarquiegui Javier SPA 66 Jayasinghe Aroshan SRI 67 Lalla Brian TT 68 Ramadhan AbdulAmeer KUW 69 HoyosDimoftache Carlos COL 70 Jaanits Mart EST 71 RestrepoLaverde Jose COL 72 Boussahel Bachir ALG 73 Schultschik Anton CH 74 Enzinger Fabian AUT 75 Panayiotou Michael CYP 76 Khiat Abdelaziz ALG 77 QzuinzelaMPocas Andreia POR 78 Seurattan Mark TT 79 Preziuso Daniela I 80 Cherifi Bachir ALG 81 Hadid Abdenour ALG 82 Qasem Abdulaziz KUW 83 BengoneMinko Polycarpe GAB 84 DoungouBrice Thierry GAB 85 Iningoue DavyXavier GAB 86 Mintoo Steeve GAB Final Report 6. Program of the IOI'92    Program of the IOI'92 Final Report 6.  6. Program of the IOI'92 Sunday 12792 (Day of Arrival) 08:0022:00 Reception at the airport 12:0024:00 Registration at the hotel 13:0014:00 Lunch at the hotel 14:0018:00 Introduction to computer equipment Room: S5-6 10:0022:00 Open air entertainment at Rheinaue Park (public) 18:0019:00 Dinner at the hotel 19:0020:00 Common Prayer at church nearby or walk in the Rheinaue 20:0022:00 Open air festival at Rheinaue (public) Monday 13792 (Opening Ceremony at GMD) 07:3008:30 Breakfast 08:3008:45 Bus transfer to Bonn city 09:0010:00 Reception by the Mayor at the city hall "Altes Rathaus" 10:0010:30 Bus transfer to GMD 10:0011:00 Press conference (by special invitation) 11:0012:30 Opening ceremony at Schlo Birlinghoven (GMD) 12:3014:00 Lunch on the Schlo terrace 14:0018:00 Visit to the German National Research Center for Computer Science (GMD) 18:0019:00 Dinner at GMD restaurant 19:0021:30 Opening party on the Schlo terrace with dance and Dixieland music 21:3022:00 Bus transfer to the hotel Tuesday 14792 (Excursion to Dsseldorf) 07:0008:00 Breakfast 08:0009:20 Bus transfer to Dsseldorf 09:2012:00 Sightseeing tour 12:0012:15 Reception by the Minister 12:1513:30 Lunch at parliament restaurant 13:3015:30 Visit to the seat of parliament of North Rhine-Westphalia, city walk or visit to museums 15:3017:00 Bus transfer to the hotel 18:0019:00 Dinner at the hotel 19:0021:00 Jury meeting Room: S17 Volleyball / sports Wednesday 15792 (First Day of Competition) 06:0011:00 Jury meeting Room: S17 08:0009:00 Breakfast 10:0015:00 1st round of the competition Rooms: S1-2, S5-11 11:0012:00 Meeting of the International Olympic Committee S17 13:0014:00 Lunch for committees 14:0015:00 Instruction of Coordinators by Scientific Committee S17 15:0016:00 Lunch for students 15:0019:00 Evaluation by Coordinators and Jury Members 18:0019:30 Sports Meeting point: lobby 19:0020:00 Television and press conference Room: S5 20:0021:00 Dinner at the hotel 21:0023:00 Coordinators meeting S1416 Thursday 16792 (Excursion to Heidelberg) 06:00-7:00 Breakfast 07:0010:00 Bus transfer to Heidelberg 10:3013:00 Guided tour: Heidelberg castle, Romantic city and Old university 13:0014:00 Lunch during the boat trip to Neckarstein 14:0015:00 Visit to the publishing house "Springer-Verlag", presentation of Hypermedia techniques 15:0016:30 Snacks and discussions 16:3020:00 Bus transfer to the hotel 20:0021:00 Dinner at the hotel Friday 17792 (Second Day of Competition) 06:0011:00 Jury meeting Room: S17 08:0009:00 Breakfast 10:0015:00 2nd round of the competition same rooms 11:0012:00 Meeting of the International Olympic Committee S17 13:0014:00 Lunch for committees 14:0015:00 Instruction of coordinators by Scientific Committee S17 15:0016:00 Lunch for students 15:0019:30 Evaluation by coordinators and Jury Members 18:0019:30 Sports Meeting point: lobby 19:3020:30 Dinner at the hotel 20:3024:00 Coordinators meeting S14-16 Saturday 18792 (Excursion to Cologne) 08:0009:00 Breakfast 09:0009:30 Bus transfer to Cologne 09:3011:30 Guided tour of cathedral; museum and city 11:3012:00 Bus transfer to Bocklemnd 12:0012:30 Lunch (Lunch bags) 12:3017:30 Visit to WDR television studios Germany's biggest TV-station 17:3018:00 Bus transfer to the hotel 18:3020:00 Sports Meeting point: lobby 18:3020:00 Jury meeting S17 20:0021:00 Dinner at the hotel 21:0022:00 Jury meeting S17 Sunday 19792 (Recreation Day) 08:0009:00 Breakfast 09:0012:30 Religious and cultural program a) Go to church, see special information sheet b) Visit Beethoven's house Guided tours in English (50 people), German (25), Russian (25), Spanish (25) and Chinese (25). c) Visit Bonn's Museum Mile Guided tours in English (100) and French (25) 11:3012:30 Jury meeting 12:3013:30 Lunch at the hotel 13:30 Bus transfer to Rhndorf and Margarethenhhe. Your options: a) Guided Visit to Adenauer's House in Rhndorf and guided Short Climbing the Dragon's rock to Knigswinter via Drachenfels (150) b) Guided walk in the Seven Mountains Margarethenhhe to Knigswinter via Drachenfels (for people who like walking for two hours in forest). 17:5018:30 Boat transfer with passenger ship "Kln-Dsseldorfer-Line" from Knigswinter to Bonn (200 people, others take buses) 18:3022:00 Summertime in the city a) walk back to the hotel for dinner b) have nice summertime in the city 20:0021:00 Dinner at the hotel Monday 20792 (Prize-Giving Ceremony) 08:0009:00 Breakfast 10:0010:30 Bus transfer to GMD 10:0010:30 Press conference 11:0013:00 Closing ceremony at Schlo Birlinghoven (GMD) Speakers: Prof. Denis Tsichritzis Minister Prof. Rainer Ortleb Ministerin Steffie Schnoor Minister Hans Schwier Prof. Fritz Krckeberg Prof. Peter Widmayer Dr. Alicia Banuelos Presentation of awards 13:0014:00 Buffet lunch on the Schlo terrace 14:0014:30 Bus transfer to the hotel 16:0018:00 Sports Meeting point: lobby 18:3023:00 Olympic Dinner and Farewell party at the hotel Tuesday 21792 (Day of Departure) 07:0009:00 Breakfast 12:0013:00 Lunch at the hotel 6:0022:00 Farewell at the airport Final Report 7. Participants    Participants Final Report 7.  7. Participants 7.1 Participating Countries ALG Algeria Rachid Chaoui ARG Argentina Alicia Banuelos AUS Australia Ian Penney AUT Austria Eduard Szirucsek B Belgium Yvan Rooseleer BRU Belorussia Vladimir Kotov BUL Bulgaria Pavel Azalov CH Switzerland Peter Strebel CHI China Wenhu Wu COL Colombia MarioVicen CruzSoriano CUB Cuba Alfredo Oquando CYP Cyprus Michael Hadjicharalambo CZ Czechoslovakia Vaclav Sedlacek D Germany Michael Fothe DK Denmark Anne Lyngdorf * EST Estonia Rein Frank FI Finland Otto Nurmi GAB Gabon Gabriel Massala GRE Greece Spyros Bakogiannis H Hungary Peter Hanak HKG Hong Kong Shiu-bong Teng I Italy Margherita Iollo IRA Iran Yahya Tabesh KOR Korea Rep. of HaJine Kimn KUW Kuwait Makki NasserAlKhabbaz LAT Latvia Maris Vitins LIT Lithuania Gintautas Grigas LUX Luxembourg Charles Leytem MAC Macao Teng Lam MAL Malta Joseph Galea MEX Mexico Olga HernandezChavez * MON Mongolia Choijoovan Lkhachin NL Netherlands Ries Kock PL Poland Stanislaw Waligorski POR Portugal Antonio Concalves RO Romania Stelian Niculescu RUS Russia Vladimir Kiryukhin SAF South Africa Pieter Walker SIN Singapore TuckChoy Tan SPA Spain Angeles PratValverde SRI Sri Lanka Lalkumar Chandranath SW Sweden Hakan Stromberg THA Thailand Kanchit Malaivongs TT Trinidad Tobago Claude Lutchman TUN Tunisia Naoufel Ghazouani TUR Turkey Gktrk coluk * UK Unitedkingdom Steven Bird UKR Ukraine Valery Bykov USA United States Donald Piele VIE Viet Nam HoSi Dam ZIM Zimbabwe Shaun Mumford * (Team leader or Observer *) 7.2 Represented Institutions International Representatives IFIP Fed.Inf.Proc. Tom van Weerth UN Unesco Edward Jacobsen Host Country's Representatives Prof. Fritz Krckeberg, National Committee Chairman Prof. Peter Widmayer, President of the Jury Dr. Hans-Werner Hein, Chief Coordinator Dr. Peter Heyderhoff, Managing Director of IOI'92 Gnther Miklitz, Chief Organizer 7.3 Participating People Students Legend: Nat = Nationality N = Number L = spoken Language L2 = second Language L3 = third Language LP = Programming Language A = Arabic E = English F = French G = German R = Russian S = Spanish Nat N Surname 1st name L L2 L3 LP ----- ----------------- ----------- - ---- ALG-1 Boussahel Bachir E A ? ALG-2 Cherif Bachir E A ? ALG-3 Hadid Abdenour E A ? ALG-4 Ghiat Abdelaziz E A ? ARG-1 Futuransky Ariel S E P6 ARG-2 Agnese Andres S E P6 ARG-3 Kofman Ernesto S F P5 ARG-4 Moreno GabrielAle S E C+ AUS-1 Henriksen SorenJohn E C+ AUS-2 Brannan Barry E P6 AUS-3 Hamilton Ivan E BQ AUT-1 Metsl Christian G E BQ AUT-2 Praschl Michael G E P6 AUT-3 Awart Patrik G E F P6 AUT-4 Enzinger Fabian G E P6 B---1 DeVusser Frederik NLE C+ B---2 VandenBerghen Frank F P6 B---3 VanAssche Gilles F NL E P6 BRU-1 Kunmin Maxim R ? BRU-2 Boly Vladimir R ? BRU-3 Gafurov Sergej R ? BRU-4 Vashkevich Michail R ? BUL-1 Bojinov Hristo E P5 BUL-2 Dobrev Gabriel E R P5 BUL-3 Piskiulev Dimitar E P5 BUL-4 Palavrov Atanas B R P5 CH--1 Schultschik Anton G E F P5 CH--2 Buergi Michael G F E P5 CHI-1 Chen Gao C E P6 CHI-2 Yang Yunhe C E P6 CHI-3 Wu Xing C E P6 CHI-4 Sun Yarfeng C E P6 COL-1 HoyosDimoftache Carlos S G E C+ COL-2 RestrepoLaverde Jose S C+ CUB-1 Alcides Morales S CUB-2 LopezPedraza Oscar S CUB-3 RivasDiaz Ramon S CUB-4 Borrego Mayelin S CYP-1 Skordis Constantin E ? CYP-2 Panayiotou Michael E CQ CYP-3 Kyrou George E P6 CZ--1 Ondrusek Matej E G ? CZ--2 Kotas Jan CZE P6 CZ--3 Vinar Tomas E P6 CZ--4 Kybic Jan E P6 D---1 Hein Wilko G E F P6 D---2 John Matthias G E R P6 D---3 Loehrig Fjodor G E F P6 D---4 Mischke Thomas G E R P6 EST-1 Laud Peeter E G R P5 EST-2 Mett Aldo E FI P6 EST-3 Akerman Olavi E FI R C+ EST-4 Jaanits Mart C+ FI--1 Niemi Jyrki FISW E P6 FI--2 Koivisto Juha FIE G C+ FI--3 Pulkkinen Esa FIE C+ FI--4 Rajantie Arttu FIE G P6 GAB-1 BengoneMinko Polycarpe E F ? GAB-2 DoungouBrice Thierry E F ? GAB-3 Iningoue DavyXavier ? GAB-4 Mintoo Steeve ? GRE-1 Papadimitriou Spyros E G P6 GRE-2 Chrisos Thanasis E G BQ GRE-3 Kavarnos Adonis E F G P6 H---1 Kiss Robert H G P6 H---2 Peter Laszlo H E P6 H---3 Szasz Oliver H E P6 H---4 Szatmary Zoltan H G P6 HKG-1 Yip WingKong C E BQ HKG-2 Chan HingLun C E BQ HKG-3 Fung PingFu C E P5 I---1 Gambardella Alessandro E I P5 I---2 Ricci Fabrizio E I P6 I---3 Russo Diego E I P5 I---4 Preziuso Daniela E I P5 IRA-1 KavehMaryan Quamars A E P6 IRA-2 MirzaeiBouini Saeed A E P6 IRA-3 RostamAbadi Farshad A E P6 IRA-4 Mahdian Mohammad A E P6 KOR-1 Park JinSuk K P6 KOR-2 Kim BomJun K P6 KOR-3 Lee JongHyun K P6 KOR-4 Kim KangHoe K BQ KUW-1 Abdel Amir Hassan Mohammed A KUW-2 Adnan Mohammed Imad A KUW-3 Saduon Al Auwaisch Waleed A KUW-4 Aziz Ali Abdallah Abdel A LAT-1 Galvans Andris L R E P6 LAT-2 Karnitis Girts L R E P6 LAT-3 Lazdins Armands L R E P6 LAT-4 Mierins Eriks L R G BQ LIT-1 Alaburda Marius R E ? LIT-2 Ambraziunas Valdas R E ? LIT-3 Kudzma Daumantas R E ? LIT-4 Meinorius Giedrius R E ? LUX-1 Kornelis Wouter F E G C+ LUX-2 Wolff Pascal E F G P6 MAC-1 Lam ChiKun C P6 MAC-2 Wong IoKuan C BG MAC-3 Fong KaiNam C E P5 MAC-4 Lam WaiIp C P6 MAL-1 Gafa Paul E I CM MAL-2 Muscat Albert E BG MAL-3 Vella Stephen E P6 MAL-4 Vella Vincent E P6 MON-1 Dugersuren Ulambayar M R ? MON-2 Ariunbold Gantulga M R E ? MON-3 Lasran Bayanjarga M R E BG MON-4 Goosh Injinash M R BG NL--1 Dekkers Sophia E F G P5 NL--2 Ter Huurne Maarten E G F L NL--3 De Groot Harmke NLE G L NL--4 Van der Voorden Danny E G F L PL--1 Blaszczyk Tomasz E PL R P6 PL--2 Pliszka Jacek E PL R P6 PL--3 Bogacz Rafal E PL R P6 PL--4 Smigielski Tomasz E PL R P6 POR-1 QzuinzelaMPocas Andreia E F P5 POR-2 MatosPinto Jose E F P5 POR-3 PauloOAlmeida Joao F E P5 RO--1 Praun EmilConsta E F P6 RO--2 Ghenea Bogdan E P6 RO--3 Necula Valentin E F P6 RO--4 Lupsa RaduLucian F E P6 RUS-1 Ioffe Sergey R P5 RUS-2 Kuznetsov Evgeney R P6 RUS-3 Zhukov Dmitry R P6 RUS-4 Davydak Dmitry R P6 SAF-1 Butler David E P5 SAF-2 Coetzer MartinJ E P5 SAF-3 DeOude Walter E P6 SAF-4 Guthrie KeithAllen E P6 SIN-1 Leok Melvin E M P6 SIN-2 Tan KongHwee E M ? SIN-3 Yee YangLiHect E M P6 SIN-4 Lim YuenChenJo E M P6 SPA-1 MercaderBarats Jorge E S P5 SPA-2 AndrasPuchol Pol E S P5 SPA-3 PerezBreva Luis E S P5 SPA-4 SanchezMarquiegui Javier E S P5 SRI-1 Zavahir AhamedSifa S E BQ SRI-2 Jayaweera GAHGayan S E BG SRI-3 Jayasinghe AroshanKau S E BG SRI-4 Jayawardena SidathMaha S E BQ SW--1 Huss Fredrik ? SW--2 Comstedt Marcus ? SW--3 Een Niklas ? SW--4 Nilsson Jesper ? THA-1 Fagcharoenphon Jittat E P5 THA-2 Asavanuchit Pinit E P5 THA-3 Yamwong Wittawat E P5 THA-4 Thaisedhawatkul Suttirak E P5 TT--1 Lalla BrianJulia E P6 TT--2 Sirinathsingh Mansoor E S BG TT--3 Seurattan Mark E CQ TT--4 LeeSeyon Geoff E P6 TUN-1 BenFradj Zamen A E F P5 TUN-2 Bouguerra Youssef A F E P5 TUN-3 Guermech Samir A E F P5 TUN-4 Jarraya Bechir A E P6 UK--1 Rix Antony E F P6 UK--2 Suluvan John E C+ UK--3 Forster Richard E P6 UK--4 Clarke Peter E F G P6 UKR-1 Filippenko Denis R P5 UKR-2 Bondarenko Vitaly R P6 UKR-3 Matlash Pavel R P5 UKR-4 Skvortsov Alexei R P5 USA-1 Bronson Nathan E C+ USA-2 Hunt Russel E G C+ USA-3 Prior Michael E G C+ USA-4 Smith Shawn E S C+ VIE-1 Tri LeVan V E P5 VIE-2 Viet NguyenTuan V F E P5 VIE-3 Thanh HaCong E P5 VIE-4 Tuan PhamMinh V E F P6 Students Adresses ALG Boussahel Bachir ALG Cherifi Bachir ALG Hadid Abdenour ALG Khiat Abdelaziz ARG Futoransky Ariel 0054-1-55221923 Heredia 507 BuenosAires 1457 ARG Agnese Andres 0054-1-7515993 De los Pensamientos 2870 CiudadJardinBA 1684 ARG Kofman Ernesto 0054-052-51575 Lavalle 3823 SantaFe 3000 ARG Moreno GabrielAle 0054-061-310854 Pellegrini 319 SanJoseGuaymMen 5519 AUS Henriksen SorenJohn 006149-453811 Pacific Hwy 398 BelmontNSW 2280 AUS Brannan Barry 006193-432257 Penquite Road 143 LauncestonTasma R50 AUS Hamilton Ivan 006145-731 Gadds Lane NorthRichmondNS 2745 AUT Meisl Christian 06245-7413 Weihofweg 4 Hallein A-5400 AUT Praschl Michael 03862-26820 Schnitzhof 14-2 Kapfenberg A-8605 AUT Awart Patrik 0222-3300659 Marchfeldstr. 16-18 Wien A-1220 AUT Enzinger Fabian 0662-360203 General Arnold Str.4-18 Salzburg Lehen A-5020 B DeVusser Frederik 0032-91772665 Mezenlaan Adegem 9991 B VandenBerghen Frank 0032-68284061 Chemin des Deux Villers11 ATHVillersNDame B VanAssche Gilles 0032-2-354-3304 Rue Mattot Waterloo 1410 BRU Kuzmin Maxim BRU Belyi Vladimir BRU Gafourov Sergej BRU Vachkevitch Mikhail BUL Bojinov Hristo 00359-52-883985 Naiden Gerov Str.47,B,Fl5 Varna 9002 BUL Dobrev Gabriel 00857-5687 Georgi Benkovski St. 8 Tutrakan 7600 BUL Piskiulev Dimitar 00359-554-4115 Septemvri9, 12 Nesebar 8230 BUL Palavrov Atanas 0035-32-432948 Proslava Str. 33,KV Prosl Plovdiv 4000 CH Schultschik Anton 0041-1-940-4012 Tgerackerstr. 33 Uster 8610 CH Buergi Michael 0041-1-9405975 Bordackerstr.35 Uster 8610 CHI Chen Gao 008627-875182 Vrit 5, 54 Ziyang Rd.WuDi Wuhan 430064 CHI Yang Yunhe 008621-5486206 Changhai 3rd Vill.30-14YD Shanghai 200093 CHI Wu Xing 0086591-441832 Yuantingli new vill.,404 Fuzhou 350007 CHI Sun Yanfeng 00861-3811848 Yungang-Dongli,FengtaiDis Beijing 100074 COL HoyosDimoftache Carlos +571-2717734 Calle 136#59-65 Ap504 SantafeDeBogota COL RestrepoLaverde Jose CUB Alcides Morales Camajvani Villa Clara CUB LopezPedraza Oscar Bererjeer 20a Santa Clara CUB RivasDiaz Ramon Edipicio 25 Apt 15 Habana CUB Borrego Mayelin S26deNoviembe 76 Pinan del Rio CYP Skordis Constantin 00357-2-446814 G. 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Resource Centre McBean CouvaTrinidadWI Fax: 00809-662-4505 TT Samlal Jassodra Reform Village Paul Street GasparilloTrini Fax: 001809-650-2608 TUN Douari Rached Fax: TUN Abidi Abdelhafid Cite Avicenne Imm.B5 A165 Quardia7 1009 Fax: 00216-342-520 TUR coluk Gktrk Dr. Dept. of Computer Eng. O.D.T..(MiddleEast TU Ankara Fax: 0090-4-2868624 0090-4-2237100(2084) UK Bird Steven Lark Ave. 1, Penwortham PrestonLancs PR1 9R Fax: 0044-772-741346 UK Davis Phil Management Inform.Service Bolton Metropolitan Co Manchester Road Bolton BL2IER Fax: 0044-204-28768 0044-204-31411/ 3453 UKR Bykov Valery Prof. Main Computer Center Ministry of Pub.Educat Artyoma St., 52-d Kiev 252053 Fax: 007-044-2132340 007044-2132330 UKR Bardadym Victor PhD Training Center V.L.Glushkov Inst.ofCy Academician Gluskov Ave40 Kiev 252207 Fax: 007-044-2666311 UN Jacobsen Edward Education Section Unesco Place de Fontenoy, 7 Paris F-75700 Fax: 00-33-1-40659405 00-1-45680845 USA Piele Donald Dr. Math. Dept. Univ Wisconsin Parksid Wood Rd, Box 200 Kenosha WI 53141 Fax: 001-414-5952056 001-414-6340868 USA Datta David Computing Support Center Uni. Wisconsin-Parksid Wood Rd. 900 KenoshaWisconsi 53141 Fax: 001-414-694-1112 VIE Dam HoSi Institute of Informatics Hanoi University Nguyen Trai Dongda 90 Hanoi Fax: 0084-2-43061 00848-42-45280 VIE Nhan DangKhac General Education Departm Ministry of Educ.&Trai Dai Co Viet Street Hanoi Fax: 00848-42-54256 ZIM Mumford Shaun C F Tulley Associates P.O.Box 2191 Bulawayo Fax: 00110-263-9-74009 00110-263-9-74431 Accompanying Persons ARG Banuelos Amalia 0054-1-3124142 Cordoba 831 -5th Floor BuenosAires 1054 ARG Porter Sergio 00-54-1-3131749 Cordoba 831 -5th Floor BuenosAires 1054 ARG Bensadon MarioJulio 0054-1-3124142 Cordoba 831 -5th Floor BuenosAires 1054 B Prime Kristel 003253-672815 Gravensbosstraat 134 Liedekerke 1770 B Rooseler Katrien 0032-53672815 Gravenbosstraat 134 Liedekerke B DeSchryver Mrs CHI Ling Qiyu Changshu Road 157 Shanghai 200031 DK Nielsen Kirsten 0045-86242116 Erantisvej 5, Tilst Mundelstrup DK-8381 DK Nielsen Mikkel 0045-86242116 Erantisvej 5, Tilst Mundelstrup DK-8381 DK Nielsen Lasse 0045-86242116 Erantisvej 5, Tilst Mundelstrup DK-8381 GRE Kilias Christos 0030-1-3645594 Stournara Str. 49a Athens 10682 HKG Yung WaiMing 00852-812-0521 B18 HongKong I Mastronardi Giuseppe I NN I Ille Daniela 0039-81-7413893 Via Caravaggio 184 Napoli 80126 IFI VanWeert Wife KOR Lee NamHo 0082-2-588-9246 Bangbae-3dong 984-1,Seoch Seoul 137-063 KOR Bae ChanWoo 0082-2-588-9246 Bangbai-3dong, 984-1,Soec Seoul 137-063 KOR Kim SangBeom 0082-3-588-9246 Bangbae-3-dong, 894-1, Se Seoul 137-063 KOR Chang JikHyun 0082-2-588-9246 Bangbae-3dong, 984-1,Seoc Seoul 137-063 KOR Shin JongOh 0082-02-751-5329 Sunhwa-Dong 7 Seoul 100-759 KUW AlHelal Mohammed P.O.Box 36907 Alraas 24760 KUW Alowaiyesh Waleed 00965-53-18720 P.O.Box 36907 Alraas 24760 MAL Galea Josette 00356-459747 Sirius, 37, Carlo Fiaming TalVirtuRabat RBT09 MAL Galea Robert 00356-459747 Sirius, 37, Carlo Flaming TalVirtuRabat RBT 09 MEX LupercioLara Ernesto MexicoCity NL VanderVegt Willem 0031-38-540538 Postbus 10090 Zwolle NL-8000 POR JesusPereira MariaHelen 00351-1-9430242 Rue Cidade de Benguela Lisboa 1800 POR DuartePinto Mr Rua do Calvario, 2 Valongo 4440 SW Strmberg Anna Myggdalsv 76 Tyres 135 43 THA Vongsirojgul Naree 00662-3924021-9 Sukhumvit Rd. 924 Bangkok 10110 THA Lertratanawisute Prasong 00662-3924021 Sukhumvit Rd.,924 Bangkok 10110 THA Charoenpanich Waraporn 00662-3924021 Sukhumvit Rd. 924 Bangkok 10110 THA Phandpipat Pongsathor 00662-3924021 Sukhumvit Rd., 924 Bangkok 10110 TT Lutchman Grace 001809-662-4505 Greenvale Ave.51,Valsayn TrinidadWI Final Report 8. List of People    List of People Final Report 8.  8. Members of Committees 8.1 International Jury Peter Widmayer (President) ALG Algeria Rachid Chaoui ARG Argentina Alicia Banuelos AUS Australia Ian Penney AUT Austria Eduard Szirucsek B Belgium Yvan Rooseleer BRU Belorussia Vladimir Kotov BUL Bulgaria Pavel Azalov CH Switzerland Peter Strebel CHI China Wenhu Wu COL Colombia MarioVicen CruzSoriano CUB Cuba Alfredo Oquando CYP Cyprus Michael Hadjicharalambo CZ Czechoslovakia Vaclav Sedlacek D Germany Michael Fothe DK Denmark Anne Lyngdorf * EST Estonia Rein Frank FI Finland Otto Nurmi GAB Gabon Gabriel Massala GRE Greece Spyros Bakogiannis H Hungary Peter Hanak HKG Hong Kong Shiu-bong Teng I Italy Margherita Iollo IRA Iran Yahya Tabesh KOR Korea Rep. of HaJine Kimn KUW Kuwait Makki NasserAlKhabbaz LAT Latvia Maris Vitins LIT Lithuania Gintautas Grigas LUX Luxembourg Charles Leytem MAC Macao Teng Lam MAL Malta Joseph Galea MEX Mexico Olga HernandezChavez * MON Mongolia Choijoovan Lkhachin NL Netherlands Ries Kock PL Poland Stanislaw Waligorski POR Portugal Antonio Concalves RO Romania Stelian Niculescu RUS Russia Vladimir Kiryukhin SAF South Africa Pieter Walker SIN Singapore TuckChoy Tan SPA Spain Angeles PratValverde SRI Sri Lanka Lalkumar Chandranath SW Sweden Hakan Stromberg THA Thailand Kanchit Malaivongs TT Trinidad Tobago Claude Lutchman TUN Tunisia Naoufel Ghazouani TUR Turkey Gktrk coluk * UK Unitedkingdom Steven Bird UKR Ukraine Valery Bykov USA United States Donald Piele VIE Viet Nam HoSi Dam ZIM Zimbabwe Shaun Mumford * (Observer) 8.2 International Committee 01 Dr. Peter Heyderhoff, Germany (President) 02 Prof. Pavel Azalov, Bulgaria 03 Dr. Alicia Banuelos, Argentina 04 Dr. Peter Hanak, Hungary 05 Mr. Steven Bird, United Kingdom 06 Prof. Christos Kilias, Greece 07 Prof. HaJine Kimn, Korea 08 Prof. Vladimir Kiryukhin, USSR 09 Dr. Vladimir Kotov, Belorussia 10 Dr. Ries Kock, Netherlands 11 Mr. Hakan Stromberg, Sweden 8.3 National Committee 01 Prof. Fritz Krckeberg, GMD (Chairman) 02 Ursula Brauer, University Mnchen 03 Prof. Volker Claus, University Oldenburg 04 Dr. Michael Fothe, Gymnasium Erfurt 05 Dr. Hans-Werner Hein, University Dortmund 16 Dr. Peter Heyderhoff, IOI'92 Managing Director 07 Prof. Immo Kerner, University Dresden 08 Dr. H.-G. Klaus, GMD 09 OStR Dr. Leo Klingen, Gymnasium Bonn 10 MinR H.G. Langewiesche, State Ministry 11 OStR Ina Lei, Gymnasium Oppenheim 12 Prof. Rdiger Loos, University Tbingen 13 OStR Gnther Miklitz, IOI'92 Organizer 14 MinR Renate Musso, Federal Ministerium 15 OStR Vera Reineke, Gymnasium Hannover 16 Dr. Karlheinz Schunk, GMD 17 Dr. Hans Ingo Tilgner, Federal Ministry 18 Prof. Roland Vollmar, GI 19 Prof. Peter Widmayer, ETH Zrich 8.4 Scientific Committee 01 Dr. H.-W. Hein, University Dortmund (Chairman) 02 Friedrich Gasper, Gymnasium Bitburg 03 Dr. Alois Heinz, University Freiburg 04 Prof. Immo Kerner, University Dresden 05 Prof. Herbert Klaeren, University Tbingen 06 OStR Ina Lei, Gymnasium Oppenheim 07 Dr. Einar Smith, GMD, I1.P, Bonn 08 Dr. Thomas Worsch, University Karlsruhe 09 Uwe Walter Cypa, University Dortmund (Programming Assistant) 8.5 Coordinating Committee 01 Dr. H.-W. Hein, University Dortmund (Chairman) 02 Josef Brding, GMD, I8 Bonn 03 Christian-Arved Bohn, GMD, HR.VIS Bonn 04 Mdombe Cacutalua, GMD, I5 Bonn 05 Stefan Focke, GMD, I8 Bonn 06 Friedrich Gasper, Gymnasium Bitburg 07 Martin Gergeleit, GMD, I5.RS Bonn 08 Denis Giffeler, GMD, I8 Bonn 09 Christian Haider, GMD, I3.KI Bonn 10 Dr. Ludwig Hausen, GMD, I8 Bonn 11 Dr. Alois Heinz, University Freiburg 12 Rdiger Httenhain, GMD, I8 Bonn 13 Michaela Huhn, University Hildesheim 14 Wolfgang Joppich, GMD, I1.T Bonn 15 Gilbert Kalb, GMD, AIA Bonn 16 Gerd Kellermann, GMD, I3.KI Bonn 17 Prof. Immo Kerner, University Dresden 18 Prof. Herbert Klaeren, University Tbingen 19 Dr. Leo Klingen, Gymnasium Bonn 20 Jelske Kloppenburg, GMD, I8.IT Bonn 21 OStR Ina Lei, Gymnasium Oppenheim 22 Dr. Axel Poigne, GMD, I5.SKS Bonn 23 Dr. Hugo-E. Ryckeboer (Guest) 24 Dr. Einar Smith, GMD, I1.P Bonn 25 Uwe Schnepf, GMD, I3.KI Bonn 26 Dr. Gktrk coluk (Guest) 27 Rdiger Westermann, GMD, VISWIZ Bonn 28 Dr. Thomas Worsch, University Karlsruhe 8.6 Organizing Committee 01 Dr. Peter Heyderhoff (Managing Director) 02 OStR Gnther Miklitz (Chief Organizer) 03 Christel Klein (Secretary) 04 Birgit Dorn (Secretary) 05 Annette Kloppenburg (Chief Assistant) 06 Andrea Schoen (Assistant) 07 Andreas Voss (Software Consultant) 08 Fabian Braun (Technical Assistant) 09 Udo Lucas (Paedagogical Assistant) 10 Franz Koepke (Chief Technican) 11 Gnther Hoens (Chief Technician) 8.7 Technical Committee 01 Fabian Braun (Chairman) 02 Morlaye Camara (Guinea) 03 Markus Grunau 04 Richard Hoffmann 05 Thorsten Joachims 06 Andre Kaufmann 07 Martin Kaufmann 08 Andreas Klatt 09 Olaf Kluge 10 Jens Krger 11 Jan-Peter Lisaus 12 Sandra Lisaus 13 Fjodor Lhrig 14 Sean-Patrick Mulherrin 15 Thorsten Nahm 16 Alexander Nitschke 17 Marc Rehmsmeier 18 Klaus-Peter Rhrig 19 Wolfgang Schmiedle 20 Detlef Schwellenbach 21 Andreas Voss 22 Gregor Wenzel 23 Martin Wilke 8.8 Reception Committee 01 Annette Kloppenburg (Chair) 02 Juliane Bahnemann 03 Ulrike Bahnemann 04 Petra Blumberg 05 Myra Bujotzek 06 Melanie Bulow 07 Friederike Bungenstock 08 Hanna Diehl 09 Angelika Dietz 10 Eva Dietz 11 Claudia Dinkloh 12 Annette Fellner 13 Stefanie Saamer 14 Monika Ollig 15 Margret Henrichfreise 16 Doris Kessenich 17 Sandra Kietzke 18 Alexandra Lbach 19 Jenny Pfrengle 20 Stefanie Pieper 21 Astrid Pohlmann 22 Jessica Scheidle 23 Franziska Schmidt 24 Sonja Schwarz 25 Mirjam Stegherr 26 Sabine Theis 27 Alexandra Tiedtke 28 Isabel Ucsnay 29 Hend Lamti 30 Rim Lamti 31 JeanYves Bitterlich 32 Dany Plassmann 33 Wiebke Siemann 34 Katrin Mller 35 Stephanie Ludwig 36 Sharira Youssef 37 Friederike Jentsch 38 Kirstin Westkamp ܀wrnie`\WS O(K@A0@@ @@@@@ @@@@ (w\tsunzj{ea\XSO@@@ @@@@@ @@@@A v qMmid`[WRN@@@@@@ @@@@@@@ vrnie` \ W;S<NAJ@@ @@@@@ @@@@@@ A_BBwBrBnBiBeB`B\BWBSqqO@@@@ @@@@@ @@@@ qqvqrqmqiqdr`r[ rWZSNJ@@@@@@ @@@@@ @@@ vrmid`AAUA\XXXzzT@@A@A@@ @@@@@ wrnie`)\*W/S,ROSJ@@@@@ @@@@@ @@@@ SXwYr]n^ie`\XSOJ@ @@@@@@ @@@@@ @ wrnieUtau\zX{SOJ@@@@ @@@@@@ @@@@ wrnjUtau\zX{SOJ@@@@ @@@@@@@@ @]CCtau\zX{SO<  %v]vuvvvvvv:vM :WvvvvvvvvvvM v*vOvnvpvvvvvM  v; v= v` v v v v v vM  v) vC v_ v v v v v vM v v v< vK vc v v v vM v v v v6 vV vt v v vM v q q q q q q"q8qM= 8MvPqnqqlslggg<=MvX>><  %8v`8v8v8v=== 88v9v+9vG9vg9v9v9v9v9v=== 9:v;:v>:v_:qg:l;g;g;b==;<v<v =q=qO=q|=q=q >q">q?= ">x>v]?v?v?vCvCv/CqVClYCl== YCvCvCq[DlEgEgEbFbFb?=EFgGviGvGvGqRHqhHlHlHlHl?=? 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